tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-63771376076403226912023-11-16T16:09:25.731+05:30In the World of IdeasWhere do world changing ideas come from? Why do only some ideas survive?
Ideas emerge from particular places— place both in literal and figurative sense. Literally— some places just attract creative people. The ideas we generate while connected to a place are stickier. A blog is a place to connect in the cyberspace.
Figuratively, people seek common ground before they can find solutions to difficult problems. This blog aims at generating ideas that stick and forming collaborations for change.Mukul Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04890862504909789206noreply@blogger.comBlogger220125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6377137607640322691.post-39517043603114176702022-06-23T08:31:00.001+05:302022-06-23T08:31:49.273+05:30Capability Deficit in Leadership of HEIs<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0ch9IrgTlABoID05gdgoNIAfD01H5skHrT2v0_aH2NAS-5C5dzqVHfY4zsXni6SEXCOjjNOoeFPfJobNjMapRuruuSDqZPCfcuNnSBQXqJyT9IHcRm5h73CyP6idRnB-wL5_ZuOU0rSeza1aVRNvtiPj8Yml7i5WkFCxuqF1cieJg93OCzLRw0Q2Ixg/s640/king-ge35d67e23_640.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="382" data-original-width="640" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0ch9IrgTlABoID05gdgoNIAfD01H5skHrT2v0_aH2NAS-5C5dzqVHfY4zsXni6SEXCOjjNOoeFPfJobNjMapRuruuSDqZPCfcuNnSBQXqJyT9IHcRm5h73CyP6idRnB-wL5_ZuOU0rSeza1aVRNvtiPj8Yml7i5WkFCxuqF1cieJg93OCzLRw0Q2Ixg/w400-h239/king-ge35d67e23_640.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Being a Vice-Chancellor or Head of an Institution of Higher
Education is not a bed of roses as lot of people and aspirants for such jobs
may be thinking. These positions are extremely difficult, and not a lot of
bright people want that kind of job. It is an unfortunate situation that the
system we have set up in higher education seems to recruit for such positions
from a pool of candidates that have neither been trained nor have they been
given any incentives to develop the skills necessary for academic leadership. With
the rise of alternative education options, crises in financial outlays and
devaluation of formal college degrees, HEIs face challenging times in the
decades to come and there is more need than ever before to hire the right
leaders with the right experiences and the right skill sets.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Repeatedly, media has been flagging the issue about
leadership-crisis in HEIs, for public attention, which has always been known to
people in academics and the government. News18 had done a story (<a href="https://www.news18.com/news/india/unfit-dozens-in-the-vice-chancellor-pro-vice-chancellor-race-515870.html">https://www.news18.com/news/india/unfit-dozens-in-the-vice-chancellor-pro-vice-chancellor-race-515870.html</a>
) in 2012, “Unfit dozens in the Vice Chancellor, Pro Vice Chancellor race.” The
Hindu had done a story titled - ‘Public inquiry’ by JNUTA finds V-C unfit for
position - on JNU V-C Jagadesh Kumar in October 2017 (<a href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/public-inquiry-by-jnuta-finds-v-c-unfit-for-position/article19935324.ece">https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/public-inquiry-by-jnuta-finds-v-c-unfit-for-position/article19935324.ece</a>
). Times of India had also reported it prominently. It cannot be a mere accident
that Prof. Jagadesh Kumar now heads the UGC. Times News Network, in 2019 had
published a research finding that 75% of Vice Chancellors in the country were
unfit for the job they held.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="q4iawc"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">In academic institutions, faculty begin their careers in the role of
entry-level assistant professors usually after their Ph.D. They are appointed
based on their prior peer-reviewed publications and teaching skills but rarely
because of their leadership and administrative skills. Few years later, the
assistant professor applies for promotion presenting a docket of more than 100
pages of documentation consisting almost entirely of research publications,
teaching evaluations, letters of recommendation, and grants and awards
received. Particularly in top institutions, most of the weight is placed on
research publications, then teaching, then service and once again, leadership
and administrative experience are rarely given strong weight in promotion
decisions. Without strong research publications, faculty cannot be promoted
regardless of their teaching and leadership excellence. </span></span>Sure,
some faculty stay where they are as purely a research and teaching faculty
member, but the upward career mobility is usually possible only after one has
achieved a full Professor’s rank.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Faculty positions such as Professor of Psychology require
people who love analysing data, investigating phenomena, and communicating
results through writing or in the classroom. On the other hand, educational
administrator positions like a Dean, Provost, or a Vice Chancellor require people
who love problem solving, making difficult decisions, managing teams and
projects, and evaluating and taking risks. Yet, it is very rare for a college
or university to hire a principal or a Vice chancellor who has not been a
lifelong academic. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Academics sometimes have a bit of an unfortunate reputation
of being big picture thinkers, with their heads in the clouds (or ivory tower)
and disconnected from the realities of everyday life. They start a research
project, and then get excited by another new idea several days later, only to
end up after several months with a dozen great ideas yet none close to being
completed.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Faculty do not learn how to make decisions as an Assistant
Professor, where their main concern is to complete the research project and get
it published in some top journal that only a handful of other academics in
their field will read. Research publications take months if not years to go
through the peer review and editing process. Decisions in higher education
leadership, especially in the face of crises such as a pandemic, need to be
made within days if not hours. The work context is completely different as
well, even though both the jobs are in academia.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">One reason why leadership in HEIs has been losing its credibility
is that so many academic leaders are not good at making long-run decisions for
the health of their institutions. The most obvious example is where they fail protect
the integrity of the curriculum in the face of faculty desires to teach
whatever the faculty finds interesting. Higher education is quickly losing its
value proposition, becoming out-of-date, inefficient, and losing credibility in
the workplace, due to mindless tactical tinkering with the curriculum and the
processes. We may have been so focused on hiring high-quality researchers and
teachers, that we forgot they need to also be high-quality leaders and
administrators.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><b>So what is the solution?</b></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="q4iawc"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">First and foremost, early career faculty, regardless of their core field of
study, must receive training on leadership, team development, risk management
and related skills required for higher education administration.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="q4iawc"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Second, there is a need to change the tenure and promotion criteria for
faculty to pursue such trainings.</span></span><span class="viiyi"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></span><span class="q4iawc"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Unless one wants to remain a research or teaching
professor for rest of one’s career, tenure and promotion should be granted only
that faculty, who can also lead and administer.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="q4iawc"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Third and finally, academia should consider outside leaders and businessmen
who have the necessary skill sets to lead large complex organizations.</span></span><span class="viiyi"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></span><span class="q4iawc"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">There are a whole
community of people who got their PhD but decided against traditional research
and teaching careers.</span></span><span class="viiyi"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></span><span class="q4iawc"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">They may be qualified and exceptional in academic
leadership positions.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="q4iawc"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">*****</span></span></p>
Mukul Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04890862504909789206noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6377137607640322691.post-11501586249612633142022-06-03T19:12:00.003+05:302022-06-04T13:27:59.861+05:30The Fall of the Faculty Driven B-Schools<div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh1vrD9R-IMe7twniD-kFBNmjPACOBpvM7nQEa44Kl1rb8UShl4nNwQ2C3E4fDvdFQjz54ONQ_t1CTn4kxKKJ4RD8rIiY_e8__icVsDZrau21ThdTzxdAst-Kg_0pUzs6SOB277yfJ2rWg42vWqPG8V5vA2lrYAyK8rB3w0Dox4VLycRRDihNt-jZj2w/s640/humpty-dumpty-g14308452d_640.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="417" data-original-width="640" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh1vrD9R-IMe7twniD-kFBNmjPACOBpvM7nQEa44Kl1rb8UShl4nNwQ2C3E4fDvdFQjz54ONQ_t1CTn4kxKKJ4RD8rIiY_e8__icVsDZrau21ThdTzxdAst-Kg_0pUzs6SOB277yfJ2rWg42vWqPG8V5vA2lrYAyK8rB3w0Dox4VLycRRDihNt-jZj2w/w400-h261/humpty-dumpty-g14308452d_640.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr style="text-align: left;"><td class="tr-caption"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<p style="text-align: left;"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Over the past forty years in many different institutions
(Indian and foreign), I have personally observed how the heads of institutions
have used their positions to advance their individual interests, essentially
turning the institution into a political arena and a personal fiefdom. The rise
of such administrative corps and the fall of the faculty has resulted in: </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span><span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"></span></span></span><span style="line-height: 107%;">steadily
increasing fees to keep the administrative bloat going, </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">loss of
faculty autonomy as casual labour (ad hoc and guest faculty) becomes
increasingly prevalent, concepts of academic freedom, tenure and shared
governance pass into relics of the past; and </span></span></span></li><li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Educational
institutions classified as non-profit enterprises using non-taxable income to
facilitate the creation of material wealth rather than funding teaching and
research. </span></span></span></li></ul><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">In the contemporary scenario, the governing boards have
distorted the core goals of traditional business and values of management
education. The self-promotion and fluff associated with 'governors' or
'board-members' not to mention their dutiful and mindless staff, who actually
carry out their tasks by applying rhetoric of excellence and diversity while
protecting administrative interests (not to mention waste, embezzlement,
insider trading and fraud, typifying the corporate world), mock the core
academic mission. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Increasing administrative expansion in the
once-faculty-driven institutional governance has nothing to do with amplified
regulation or changing legislation. Personal glorification and professional
advancement, rather than commitment to the institution, faculty and students,
appears to be the focus of the heads of institutions. A continuous process of
jockeying and self-promotion has become the norm, with many directors and heads
of institutions using their current positions to advance to a higher ranked school.
Heads of Institutions go through the motions, mouth platitudes about how great
the institution is, and grease the right palms. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">The heads of most institutions are not particularly qualified
to hold their positions. Of course, this indictment does not apply to all heads
of institutions, but one does not have to be at an institution long before
learning that the mention of the names of certain administrators brings with it
a certain amount of faculty eye rolling and groans. Why do we expect people who
excel at being an academic to turn around later in their careers and lead the
‘business’ side of the institution? It seems like quite the bait-and-switch:
faculty are hired for their skills in research and/or teaching, only to be
expected later to shift gears entirely and employ a completely different set of
skills — ones that they may not actually possess — in leading the institution.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Typically, heads of institutions identify the faculty members
they wish to entrust with administrative leadership positions. These faculty
members are "uncontroversial" and are seen as "team
players". Being a "team player" and "uncontroversial"
in this context means not criticizing, shaming or opposing the head of the
institution. This entails shutting down one's superior instincts and common
sense and never (heaven forbid) acting on principle. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="q4iawc"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Because of this tendency to select those who will not
rock the boat, the heads of institutions are careful to exclude out those
faculties who may expose their incompetence and real agenda. So there is no
question of genuine discussion on serious issues with the administrators.
Often, administrators see faculty who are constantly engaged in research on
issues of shared governance as well as processes related to the functioning of
the institution as very active threats to their heightened sense of authority. For
example, the heads of some institutions are unaware of the contents of their
institutional handbooks (the place where one finds out the detailed procedures
for operating an organization), but do not care that they are unfamiliar with
it because they are rule by executive fiat. In this strange world, the only
rule that matters is who serves the head of the institution at a particular
moment, enabling a creative interpretation of what the handbook actually says;
or outright rejects that the booklet is incorrect or out of date.</span></span><span style="line-height: 107%;"></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="q4iawc"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Faculty members, who directly confront heads of
institutions about how messy a particular administrative decision is, will face
dire consequences. Even when such </span></span><span style="line-height: 107%;">oppositions <span class="q4iawc">are
well meaning and in the best interest of the institution, the head of the
institution reacts defensively, insisting that they know best or </span>are
privy to confidential information that are beyond the comprehension skills of
the faculty.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="q4iawc"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Heads of institutions are smart enough to know that
they should avoid forums where probing arguments, debate and presentation of
convincing evidence </span></span><span style="line-height: 107%;">will be required<span class="q4iawc">. When all ducking
fails, heads of institutions have used the allegation of "harassment"
against faculty and students, who raise troubling questions about problematic
administrative practices such as embezzlement, fraud and theft. At the end of
the day, however, heads of institutions have many weapons they can deploy to
avoid being held accountable for their words and actions.</span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="q4iawc"><span style="line-height: 107%;">It is not hard to figure out what this means for the
advancement of innovative leadership. For example, in the context of searches
for positions of heads of institutions, search committees choose the most
boring and conventional candidates, making a point to stay away from those who
appear a bit edgy or controversial. Search committees quickly identify
preferred candidates based on traditional credentials and experience. Search
committees know next to nothing about the world of higher education and are
easily deceived by candidates who use the essential jargon of corporate
buzzwords—"best practices," "accountability,"
"evaluation," and "benchmarking." </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="q4iawc"><span style="line-height: 107%;">The move to rely increasingly on casual labour gives
heads of institutions another way to control faculty. Since non-tenure-track
faculty can be dismissed at a moment's notice, heads of institutions do not
have to worry about resistance from faculty when it comes to changing
curriculum, eliminating meritorious research, or stopping successful programmes.
Pretending to mentor faculty, heads of institutions will do what they believe
is best. Financial necessities provide a simple way for heads of institutions
to undermine the due process to dismantle academic programmes. When all else
fails, the head of the institution may insist that an emergency has forced him
to </span></span><span style="line-height: 107%;">forego consulting with anyone <span class="q4iawc">in the
faculty because time is of the essence.</span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="q4iawc"><span style="line-height: 107%;">The cunning heads of institutions understand that they
can form alliances with minority activist groups on campus, by posturing as
fans of multi-functional agenda being advanced by cliques of these concerns and
perspectives in return for support of these activists for their own agenda. As
part of this trade-off, heads of institutions look on the other hand to
evaluate the low enrolment of some elective courses in certain functional
domains, preferring to keep these courses afloat rather than appearing
insensitive to the multifunctional agenda, which would result in withdrawal of
political support from these politically active advocates on campus.</span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">There is a reign of administrative terror which most of the
faculties passively accept as unbreakable. The grip of this terror is ensured
by the upper administration, especially the Board of Governors/Trustees who
prefer to leave the institutional business to the heads of institutions. The
Board of Governors works diligently to prevent faculty from communicating with
them, clearly keeping a pleasant vision of the campus at the top of the minds
of external stakeholders. Of course, some boards already have some faculty
representation (perhaps a slot), but the jury is still out on how effective
this representation is in combating administrative power. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="q4iawc"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Heads of institutions control the institution's PR
organs and, in turn, control public perceptions about their role in the
institution. This administrative control over public perceptions of the
institution's functioning facilitates the covering up of administrative
misconduct, except in the most serious cases when serious fraud is uncovered on
the part of the institution's head or financial officer. Why rely on the Office
of Media Relations to tell where the organization is headed, when employees in
that office have zero incentive to tell the truth about the administrative
shirking, sabotage and theft affecting the long-term health of the institution?</span></span><span style="line-height: 107%;"></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">There can come a particular watershed moment when some of the
faculty members realise that it is becoming too unhealthy for them to constantly
be managing their response to their head of institution. Such miserable set of people
may be left with no choice but to leave the institution or to unionise and
litigate to survive. The irony of such development lies in the fact that an
institution, which boasts of its proficiency in teaching and researching
organisational and human resource management fails in practising what it
teaches.<span> </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="q4iawc"><span style="line-height: 107%;">Those who aspire to become heads of institutions must
abstain from any political controversy in their scholarship and public
statements. They will have to excise even any evidence of past strong
commitments </span></span><span style="line-height: 107%;">to unpalatable causes and charged statements about
relevant issues<span class="q4iawc">. They may even go so far as to discard these
past allegiances as youthful errors. Then, they have to stay away from any critical
assessment of the educational institution. In other words, they will stop
criticizing the institution, as well as their place within it. In order to
promote themselves as appropriate administrative material, they would portray
their faculty colleagues as pampered, lazy and irresponsible, while praising
the heads of their institutions as visionary and committed leaders. Of course, they
will start talking the latest about "benchmarking," "best
practices," and "accountability" while expressing their strong
desire to attend an endless stream of meetings and retreats. They will dislike
tenure, academic freedom and shared governance as irrelevances that stand in
the way of smooth managerial control. Lastly, they will express interest in
offering life skills courses on event planning and meditation, while imposing
shadow courses on the faculty and disciplining those opposing them with appropriate
civility training. One can predict with confidence that their rise to the
status of heads of institutions is quite likely.</span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<span style="line-height: 107%;">Those few, who are
willing to take the battle to the enemy, must commit to do battle with
administrators as administrators. This is however, the most difficult choice.
One will need to be prepared to face, no wages, measly standards of living,
years of darkness, success doubtful; but honour and recognition if successful.</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">***** </span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"></span></span></span></p>Mukul Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04890862504909789206noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6377137607640322691.post-44775358245171185732022-06-01T10:13:00.004+05:302022-06-04T13:29:20.141+05:30PYRAMID OF MBA BRANDS<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNPuVcBuhxpNG-0BIkGrhwBCV2V141F_gluHLng2hiPGZjgdLSIxt3MfN4w2Ttgs9xUda6U2fAoHdQ-xmNyUVgARCrw0xeJJ49iwfroQOW0TV0Yh-3srqOFdfUTan3X08dHIw_d03aj_S-EjibVnEF1CBbPqWWYTQcQEoaKFSJC5aFKwRKY7alMJMtqA/s640/graduation-g292999fce_640.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="456" data-original-width="640" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNPuVcBuhxpNG-0BIkGrhwBCV2V141F_gluHLng2hiPGZjgdLSIxt3MfN4w2Ttgs9xUda6U2fAoHdQ-xmNyUVgARCrw0xeJJ49iwfroQOW0TV0Yh-3srqOFdfUTan3X08dHIw_d03aj_S-EjibVnEF1CBbPqWWYTQcQEoaKFSJC5aFKwRKY7alMJMtqA/w400-h285/graduation-g292999fce_640.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br />While the concept of education, as a public good has long been a
foundational principle of international education development discourse, is
graduate business-education really a public good? The easy answer is no, as
long as by “public good,” we mean the same thing economists mean. There is no
primary responsibility of public institutions in the provision and funding of
MBA educational opportunities. In fact, the increasing diversification of
actors and sources of funding for MBA education reflect the current trends of
privatisation and marketization of MBA education in India.<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><br />
Since it is not a ‘public good’ or a common good or a commodity, MBA is
amenable to differentiation, positioning and branding. When it comes to the
pyramid of MBA brands, five different levels distinguish each brand and its
position on the pyramid.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><br />
LUXURY BRANDS </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><br />
This category describes premium US Brands and a few European brands of MBA.
They are addressing a select few clients, much like grand pieces of art.
Typically, these brands appeal to the wealthy such as celebrities,
entrepreneurs, and other high-profile people. For some it is an opportunity to
convert ill-gotten funds into a luxury good, an excellent degree, that
burnishes their public images, legitimizes their family name, and positions
their children to become reputable global elites. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><br />
ACCESSIBLE LUXURY BRANDS </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><br />
Accessible luxury MBA, usually come in standardized formats, while they are
still of high quality and high price tags, they are accessible for people
wanting to purchase luxury brands. It is about giving customers a gateway to
high quality MBA without the high expense of a Luxury Brand. These are
aspirational luxury brands like most of the elite IIMs and a few of the elite
non-IIMs. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><br />
READY TO GRAB BRANDS </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><br />
Inspired by Accessible luxury Brands, they collectively have wider volumes of
MBA seats. These brands are more casual and have a wider audience than
Accessible luxury Brands. They have more retail availability, and regional
dominance rather than national presence. Most of the elite University MBA
programmes and a few of the elite PGDM institutions are in this business.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><br />
MASS BRANDS </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><br />
These brands essentially bridge the gap between high end and the street market.
They target people who are not prepared to pay too high for a credible quality.
Most of the non-elite University run regular and distance learning MBA programs
and popular PGDM institutions are in this category. Some of them have local
dominance as well. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><br />
STREET BRANDS </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">These brands are at the bottom of the MBA Brand pyramid. These brands
aim to reach as many people as possible by providing MBA at affordable prices.
Most of the time, they claim to draw inspiration from Accessible luxury Brands
but provide education that is made more cost-effective for the average consumer
by cutting some corners. Lot of such brands are from University affiliated MBAs
or non-descript PGDMs.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><br />
***</span></p>
Mukul Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04890862504909789206noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6377137607640322691.post-69165943796315496932021-10-22T09:21:00.002+05:302022-06-04T13:30:24.648+05:30B-Schools Gone Adrift<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgBqknTkQwEV9JNcHQMpRlQd33iZ0uQsq4LPePXqcVmlGDgk6Uoufc7P79EKCKUN-Fx0-3bTm92qtICsMZz5VmnULsM6zTn1x8Cbl02TpkB70Fkdn1I1ooP7_jhETA1W80ssRh08S-nIewNQzpx5W7F5a1wWrRQr_MxM7YWvK4VMCr89k-k5Wub95556Q=s640" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="640" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgBqknTkQwEV9JNcHQMpRlQd33iZ0uQsq4LPePXqcVmlGDgk6Uoufc7P79EKCKUN-Fx0-3bTm92qtICsMZz5VmnULsM6zTn1x8Cbl02TpkB70Fkdn1I1ooP7_jhETA1W80ssRh08S-nIewNQzpx5W7F5a1wWrRQr_MxM7YWvK4VMCr89k-k5Wub95556Q=w400-h225" width="400" /></a></div><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>Harvard Business School</i> defines its
mission as “(t)o educate leaders who make a difference in the world.” <i>Tuck
School of Business</i> states its mission as, “Tuck develops wise, decisive leaders
who better the world through business.” <i>Stanford Graduate School of Business</i>
aims to “(c)reate ideas that deepen and advance our understanding of management
and with those ideas to develop innovative, principled, and insightful leaders
who change the world,” and MIT’s <i>Sloan School of Management</i> says “(t)o develop
principled, innovative leaders who improve the world and to generate ideas that
advance management practice.” <span> </span><i>INSEAD,
the business school for the world</i>, has the mission: “We bring together people,
cultures and ideas to develop responsible leaders who transform business and
society” </span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i>IIMA </i>aims “(t)o continue to be
recognized as a premier global management school operating at the frontiers of
management education and practice while creating a progressive and sustainable
impact on society.” <i>IIMB </i>has an elaborate mission statement, “Nurture
innovative global business leaders, entrepreneurs, policy-makers and social
change agents through holistic and transformative education - Provide thought
leadership that is contextually embedded and socially relevant and makes
positive impact - Pursue excellence in education and thought leadership
simultaneously without making any trade-offs.” <i>IIM</i> Kolkata states its mission
as, “(t)o develop innovative and ethical future leaders capable of managing
change and transformation in a globally competitive environment and to advance
the theory and practice of management.”</span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">It is clearly discernible from the
above that the top-ranked Business Schools of the world are now about ‘leaders’
and ‘leadership’ where ‘management’ is sometimes mentioned in the passing and
‘business’ is practically absent. Some scholars argue that although management
and leadership overlap, the two activities are not synonymous. Furthermore, the
degree of overlap is a point of disagreement. In fact, some individual see them
as extreme opposites, and they believe that good leader cannot be a good
manager and the opposite is true.</span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">It is also clear that business
schools have substituted leadership paradigm for the managerial one in stating
their mission or purpose. The consequential question that emerges is whether
the leadership paradigm constitutes an adequate foundation for a professional
business school. One of the central features of a bona fide profession is
possession of a coherent body of expert knowledge erected on a well-developed
theoretical foundation.</span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Despite tens of thousands of
studies and writings on leadership since the days of the <i>Ohio State Leadership
Studies</i>, several scholarly reviews of the literature on leadership have found
little progress in the field. Most studies failed to even define the terms
‘leader’ and ‘leadership.’ There are almost as many definitions of leadership
as there are persons who have attempted to define the concept. Competing
theories abound. We find great men theories, trait theories, environmental
theories, person-situation theories, interaction-expectation theories,
humanistic theories, exchange theories, behavioural theories and perceptual and
cognitive theories. The dynamics of leadership have remained very much a
puzzle. We still know little about what makes a good leader. Research that aims
to decipher intrapsychic thought processes and resulting actions involves the
study of "psycho-political drama" that relates managerial personality
both to role behaviour and to the administrative setting. </span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">In business schools in India,
leadership is possibly being taught, using an ad hoc, convenience based amalgam
of any of three distinctly different approaches, each of which possesses a
certain validity but no one of which in whole or in part, make up for an
element of a genuinely professional education. The first approach focuses on
content and the transmission of explicit knowledge derived from academic
theories in the fields of psychology, sociology, and economics. A second
approach focuses on the development of interpersonal skills and their
application to small-group situations. In this approach, leadership is
conceptualized as tacit knowledge that must be mastered through hands-on
practice rather than as a matter of explicit knowledge or content. A third
approach associates leadership with personal growth and self-discovery and
focuses on giving students opportunities for personal development. This
approach gives students a great deal of freedom to explore personal values and
use a variety of exercises and self-assessments, such as the MBTI, in an
attempt to help students integrate discoveries about themselves into their career
choices and professional lives. </span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Thoughts of leaders and leadership
bring a wide array of images to mind, often conveying emotional reactions. Some
leaders elicit thoughts of strength, power, and care; others recall the forces
of terror, malevolence, and destructiveness. Our pervasive judgments of a
leader’s degree of goodness or evil are reflected in epithets such as Ashoka
the Great, Alexander the Great or Akbar the Great yet not everyone agrees that
they were all great. For some, they were ‘the terrible.’ </span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Our most secret desire, the one
that inspires all our deeds and designs, is "to be praised." Yet we
never confess this because to announce such a pitiful and humiliating weakness
arising from a sense of loneliness and insecurity, a feeling that afflicts both
the fortunate and the unfortunate with equal intensity, seems dishonourable. We
are not sure of who we are or what do we do. Full as we may be of our own
worth, we are distressed by anxiety and long to receive approval from no matter
where or no matter whom. Evidence shows that because narcissistic personalities
are often driven by intense needs for power and prestige to assume positions of
authority and leadership, individuals with such characteristics are found
rather frequently in top leadership positions. </span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">All people show signs of
narcissistic behaviour, albeit of differing magnitudes. Among individuals who
possess only limited narcissistic tendencies, there are those who are very
talented and capable of making great contributions to society. Those who incline
toward the extremes, however, give narcissism its negative reputation. Excesses
of rigidity, narrowness, resistance, and discomfort in dealing with the external
environment is very evident in those cases. The managerial implications of
narcissism can be both dramatic and crucial.</span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Leaders may thus be seen to occupy
different positions on a spectrum ranging from healthy narcissism to pathology.
These are not distinct categories. These are factors that distinguish between
health and dysfunction of the leader. To understand the different types of
narcissistic orientations beginning with the most unreasonable and proceeding
toward the more functional, it is easier to look at three sets (black, grey and
white), which could be referred to as reactive, self-deceptive and constructive
(adaptive). In practice, however, a distinction may be more difficult to make.
The influence of each of these configuration on interpersonal relations and
decision making in a managerial context are different. Does an MBA degree
programme add to or mellow down the degree of narcissism amongst the
graduates?<span> </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Not having answers to the dilemmas
that are described above does not prevent me from raising some questions,
though I am not sure, to whom these be addressed to – leaders or managers, of
business or business schools:</span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: medium;">Is it time to stop referring to MBA schools as
Business Schools and rechristen them as LEADERSHIP SCHOOLS?</span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;">Since the focus has shifted to Leadership, is it
leadership in any specific walk of life, some limited facets of life or in
every walk of life? Are politics, diplomacy, government, security included?</span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;">Is crisis leadership (response in emergency and
unforeseen situations like Mumbai terrorist attacks or shut-downs due to
COVID-19) included or is immaterial being no different?</span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;">Since the words ‘business’ and ‘administration’
are now out from the mission statements of these schools, should an MBA degree
be rechristened as an ML (Leadership) in its most expansive form or MBL
(Business Leadership) in its most narrow orientation or something in between?</span></li></ul><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">***** </span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">First published 11 Aug 21</span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">*** </span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">“Likes” "Follows" "Shares" and
"Comments" are welcome.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">We
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them overly promotional, mean-spirited, or off-topic.</span></span><b><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">*** </p>
Mukul Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04890862504909789206noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6377137607640322691.post-58208352864874218592021-10-07T09:07:00.002+05:302021-10-07T09:07:32.928+05:30Who Failed Afghanistan? Who will help it to succeed?<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg8N5yjPaDlKPmhaf7WIJ7DdUkf0WQ11EITZ5LAYRryif3nYtxPC9B4HXQgZG9b8Y7ZSBiR8Qg6RWwBQ6v44HBQ9Xks3R47BMC2SVU_bBcMtocgyNc65uUYzL5SWh9McBhy2VJx_vj4mQo284RaNTqvUDIy1f1nlciVaIEcq2LUxQ34_1etPUemYMH4Sw=s976" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="549" data-original-width="976" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg8N5yjPaDlKPmhaf7WIJ7DdUkf0WQ11EITZ5LAYRryif3nYtxPC9B4HXQgZG9b8Y7ZSBiR8Qg6RWwBQ6v44HBQ9Xks3R47BMC2SVU_bBcMtocgyNc65uUYzL5SWh9McBhy2VJx_vj4mQo284RaNTqvUDIy1f1nlciVaIEcq2LUxQ34_1etPUemYMH4Sw=w640-h360" width="640" /></a></div><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The
International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) was a multinational military
mission in Afghanistan from 2001 to 2014. It was established by United Nations
Security Council Resolution 1386 pursuant to the Bonn Agreement, which outlined
the establishment of a permanent Afghan government following the U.S. invasion
in October 2001. ISAF's primary goal was to train the Afghan National Security
Forces (ANSF) and assist Afghanistan in rebuilding key government institutions,
though it gradually took part in the broader war in Afghanistan against the
Taliban insurgency.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">ISAF's
initial mandate was to secure the Afghan capital of Kabul and its surrounding
area against opposition forces to facilitate the formation of the Afghan
Transitional Administration headed by Hamid Karzai. In 2003, NATO took command
of the mission at the request of the UN and Afghan government, marking its
first deployment outside Europe and North America. Shortly thereafter the UN
Security Council expanded ISAF's mission to provide and maintain security
beyond the capital region. It gradually broadened its operations in four
stages, and by 2006 took responsibility for the entire country; ISAF
subsequently engaged in more intensive combat in southern and eastern
Afghanistan.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">From
2006 until 2014, NATO debate on ISAF centred around means instead of ends: how
the burden of fighting should be equally distributed among the member states;
what operational concepts like the “comprehensive approach” or
“counterinsurgency”—often wrongly termed “strategies”—should be followed, or
how to “transition” to Afghan responsibility. Pursuant to its ultimate aim of
transitioning security responsibilities to Afghan forces, ISAF ceased combat
operations and was disbanded in December 2014. A number of troops remained to
serve a supporting and advisory role as part of its successor organization, the
Resolute Support Mission.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The
decision to launch a follow-on, NATO-led non-combat mission to continue
supporting the development of the Afghan security forces after the end of
ISAF’s mission in December 2014 was jointly agreed between Allies and partners
with the Afghan government at the NATO Summit in Chicago in 2012. This
commitment was reaffirmed at the Wales Summit in 2014.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Resolute
Support was a NATO-led, non-combat mission. The mission was established at the
invitation of the Afghan government and in accordance with United Nations (UN)
Security Council Resolution 2189 of 2014. Its purpose was to help the Afghan
security forces and institutions develop the capacity to defend Afghanistan and
protect its citizens in the long term. 38 Countries (Albania, Armenia,
Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary,
Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mongolia, Netherlands, New Zealand,
North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom an United States) had posted their
personnel to the mission in Afghanistan at different points in time.</span><span lang="HI" style="font-family: Mangal; line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">In
February 2020, the United States and the Taliban signed an agreement on the
withdrawal of international forces from Afghanistan by May 2021.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">On
14 April 2021, recognising that there is no military solution to the challenges
Afghanistan faces, the Allies decided to start the withdrawal of RSM forces by
1 May 2021.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">NATO’s
assumption of ISAF command on the one hand, and ISAF expansion on the other did
not go hand in hand with a total revision of the DOD’s (US Department of
Defence) position. Not only the sentiments of the “unilateralist” major US but
the emotions of the non-Muslim world post “9/11”, which pushed NATO to be
engaged in Afghanistan as intensely as possible − even without clearly defined
political goals. This was not a conscious project but an unintended result of
the colluding interests of the political masters in NATO countries with those
of their administrative cadres. UN was made the Accidental Front.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The Afghans now have suffered generation after
generation of not just continuous warfare but humanitarian crises, one after
the other, and the world has to remember that this is not a civil war that the
Afghans started among themselves that the rest of the world got sucked into.
This situation was triggered by an outside invasion, initially by the Soviet
Union, during the Cold War, and since then the country has been a battleground
for regional and global powers seeking their own security by trying to
militarily intervene in Afghanistan, whether it be the United States after
2001, the C.I.A. in the nineteen-eighties, Pakistan through its support first
for the Mujahedeen and later the Taliban, or Iran and its clients. To blame
Afghans for not getting their act together in light of that history is just
wrong.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">In
the nineteen-nineties, there were only three governments in the world that
recognized the Taliban: Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.
And this time around, too, Pakistan will be one of them. It isn’t the nineties,
but Pakistan is still in the same awkward place that it was last time around.
The Saudis and the Emiratis have a new geopolitical outlook. But China is not
the same country that it was in the nineties. How will China support Pakistan
in trying to manage a second Taliban regime, especially one that may attract
sanctions or other kinds of pressure from the United States and its allies is
something to be watched? Flirting with Taliban will blow back on Pakistan in
one way or another, be that in the form of international pressure or
instability.</span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Biden
Administration is unlikely to change its policy. US cannot reverse the
Taliban’s momentum without bombing Afghanistan to shards. US can certainly take
responsibility for the lion’s share of the response to this unfolding
humanitarian crisis to arrest the setting in of another massive refugee flow,
which could certainly have political consequences.</span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">US does what it likes – be it in Korea, Vietnam, Persian
Gulf, Iraq or Afghanistan – the rest of the countries either support or keep
quiet, few feeble voices of dissent are barely audible noises. This is called -</span><span lang="HI" style="font-family: Mangal; line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> <span style="font-size: small;">जिसकी लाठी उसकी भैंस</span></span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span>(Literally it means, he who has the stick gets to own the buffalo or One who
owns power owns everything). But what would one say to the situation when the
stick-owner decides to leave the diseased buffalo in wilderness and simply run
away? </span><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="HI" style="font-family: Mangal; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Mangal;">लाठी वाला तो इस बीमार </span><span lang="HI" style="font-family: Mangal; line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">भैंस को लाचार हालात में छोड़़कर भाग छूटा है</span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">,
</span><span lang="HI" style="font-family: Mangal; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Mangal;">अब यह बेचारी बीमार भैंस किसकी जिम्मेदारी
है</span><span style="font-family: Mangal; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Mangal;">, <span lang="HI">कौन करेगा इसकी देखभाल और
तीमारदारी</span>?</span></span><span lang="HI" style="font-family: Mangal; line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">***** </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">First posted on 28 Aug 2021 </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">***</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">“Likes” "Follows" "Shares" and
"Comments" are welcome.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">We
hope to see energetic, constructive and thought provoking conversations. To
ensure the quality of the discussion, we may edit the comments for clarity,
length, and relevance. Kindly do not force us to delete your comments by making
them overly promotional, mean-spirited, or off-topic.</span><b><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">***</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="HI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 105%;"> </span></span></p>
Mukul Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04890862504909789206noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6377137607640322691.post-37638290499874184562021-09-30T09:34:00.000+05:302021-09-30T09:34:24.547+05:30Entrepreneurship Development– But where are the Potential Entrepreneurs?<div><p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgXCEyOyXr16XXplLN7_6fqk6GUyYG5gB5t3zK0OyL5vSpX0MW3Exb76OPPiEjdyaZf6aAtT9QxYNGrbkO_9TwNyqKxAAkO9h25z1_RnHMOC4lEhRXM05KeYAcE_NfXuz7ft3dlPG6PuoqDIMDDm3nRpUupuVMMTAKEa_7od3zgj6OJqbb1hH9hRNTW8A=s640" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="452" data-original-width="640" height="452" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgXCEyOyXr16XXplLN7_6fqk6GUyYG5gB5t3zK0OyL5vSpX0MW3Exb76OPPiEjdyaZf6aAtT9QxYNGrbkO_9TwNyqKxAAkO9h25z1_RnHMOC4lEhRXM05KeYAcE_NfXuz7ft3dlPG6PuoqDIMDDm3nRpUupuVMMTAKEa_7od3zgj6OJqbb1hH9hRNTW8A=w640-h452" width="640" /></a></div><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The underlying
metaphor of so much of our thinking, though we rarely think of it as a metaphor,
is our much celebrated idea of ‘the individual’ and, in business especially, ‘the
self-made man or woman.’ But even a genius has to be sufficiently steeped in
the culture that makes his or her invention possible. We will never understand
the world of business, or for that matter any other human world, unless we
begin with human interrelations and how people fit into cultures,
organizations, and institutions. </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">One business hero
of particular interest, especially in light of current corporate uncertainty,
is the entrepreneur. The entrepreneur, according to the familiar John Wayne imagery
(John Wayne was a legendary American cowboy hero of numerous epic Western
films), is the lone frontiersman who single-handedly sets up an industry or
perhaps establishes a whole new world. The myth is part and parcel of a much
older American myth, the myth of individualism, the myth of the solitary hero.
The entrepreneur simply brings John Wayne up-to-date and puts him firmly at the
centre of the business world. </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Loosely put, the
world of business is made possible through an established set of practices, in
which implicit rules, tacit knowledge, and collective values, needs, and
understandings are the principal structure. It is not the individual motives
and attributes or individual personalities that make the world of business. It
may be true that behind every successful business is some entrepreneur, that
is, one of those relatively rare individuals who is both creative and
business-minded, who is willing to take considerable risks and work
single-mindedly to turn a dream into a marketable reality. But corporations,
once formed, do not operate on the same risk-prone, creative principles that
motivated the originator of the business, and the corporate world could not
possibly function if, as we so often hear, everyone were to aspire to be an
entrepreneur. </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Who is an
entrepreneur and what is entrepreneurship? We probably think that the answer is
obvious, but like the buzz-words and other fads being doled out in the quest
for ‘intellectualisation of the domain of management,’ expressions like
strategy, business-model and entrepreneurship are all pliant. Managers describe
entrepreneurship with such terms as innovative, flexible, dynamic, risk taking,
creative, and growth oriented. The popular press, on the other hand, often
defines the term as starting and operating new ventures. For some, it refers to
venture capital-backed start-ups and their kin; for others, to any small
business. For some, corporate-entrepreneurship is a rallying cry while others
consider it as an oxymoron. <span> </span>Some people
think of entrepreneurship as a specific stage in an organization’s life cycle
(i.e., start-up), a specific role for an individual (i.e., founder), or a
constellation of personality attributes (e.g., predisposition for risk taking;
preference for independence). People have different perceptions of an entrepreneur
- an Inventor or discoverer or innovator or an upstart in business clamouring
and struggling for survival of his start-up and dreaming for growth through
scaling-up and scoping-up to a successful and stable enterprise or simply
selling off the start-up at a premium. </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The continuing
corporate obsession with the almost mythological character called the
entrepreneur is both unrealistic and, if taken seriously, counterproductive.
Most people are not entrepreneurial. Cheapening the word by taking any
initiative or innovation as entrepreneurship only fogs our understanding about
what this phenomenon really is. Entrepreneurship is itself a social practice,
and it consists, in part, of appreciating marginal or neglected aspects of more
general social practices. </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The history of
the word “entrepreneurship” is fascinating. Without getting into those details
and controversies, whether entrepreneurship is an inborn personality-trait or a
learned behaviour, let us focus on the definition formulated by Professor
Howard Stevenson, the Godfather of entrepreneurship studies. For Stevenson, entrepreneurship
is the pursuit of opportunity beyond resources controlled. Entrepreneurship is
thus a distinctive approach to managing. </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">To simplify this
understanding, it is useful to view managerial behaviour in terms of extremes.
At one extreme is what might be called the promoter type of manager, who feels
confident of his or her ability to seize opportunity. This manager expects
surprises and expects not only to adjust to change but also to capitalise on it
and make things happen. At the other extreme is the trustee type, who feels
threatened by change and the unknown and whose inclination is to rely on the
status quo. To the trustee type, predictability fosters effective management of
existing resources while unpredictability endangers them. Most people, of
course, fall somewhere between the extremes. But it’s safe to say that as
managers move closer to the promoter end of the scale they become more
entrepreneurial, and as they move toward the trustee end of the scale they
become less so (or, perhaps, more administrative).</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Relentless focus
with a sense of urgency in pursuit of a break, the opportunity may entail: </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></div><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pioneering a truly innovative product;
</span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Devising a new business model; </span></span></li><li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Creating a better or cheaper version
of an existing product; or </span></span></li><li>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Targeting an existing product to new
sets of customers. </span></span></li></ol><div><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">These opportunity
types are not mutually exclusive. For example, a new venture might employ a new
business model for an innovative product. Likewise, the list above is not the
collectively exhaustive set of opportunities available to organizations. </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Many profit
improvement opportunities are not novel, and thus are not entrepreneurial, for
example, raising the price of a product or, hiring more field-sales-reps once a
firm has a scalable sales strategy. </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Before there can
be entrepreneurship there must be the potential for entrepreneurship, whether
in a community seeking to develop or in a large organization seeking to
innovate. Entrepreneurial potential, however, requires potential entrepreneurs.
Opportunities are seized by those who are prepared to seize them.
Entrepreneurial activity does not occur in a vacuum. Instead, it is deeply
embedded in a cultural and social context, often amid a web of human networks
that are both social and economic. A group, an organization or a community
could be entrepreneurial without necessarily having any discernible
entrepreneurs per se. The group, organization, or community need not be already
rich in entrepreneurs, but should have the potential for increasing
entrepreneurial activity. Such potential exists in economically self-renewing
communities and organizations. Regardless of the existing level of
entrepreneurial activity, such "seedbeds" establish fertile ground
for potential entrepreneurs when and where they perceive a personally viable
opportunity. </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Any agenda for
developing Entrepreneurship and birthing Entrepreneurs rests on the basic
understanding of the following very minimum requirements:</span></span></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Identifying and establishing policies
that increase both their perceived feasibility and their perceived
desirability.</span></span>
</li></ul><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <span>a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Creating social perceptions that
entrepreneurial activity is both desirable and feasible.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span>b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Entrepreneurs prefer being seen as
benefiting their communities, not as exploiting them.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"></span></span></span><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Providing a "nutrient-rich"
environment for potential entrepreneurs. </span></span></li></ul><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span>a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Credible information, credible role
models, along with emotional and psychological support as well as more tangible
resources</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span>b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Opportunities to attempt innovative
things at relatively low risk, e.g., trying and failing can be OK. </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span>c.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Training interested people in critical
competencies, raising their self-efficacy at key entrepreneurial tasks. We must
also make resources both available and visible.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span>d.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Increasing the diversity of possible
opportunities </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">For developing Intrapreneurship and Intrapreneurs
(Entrepreneurship and Entrepreneurs within the Corporate Ventures) </span></span></li></ul><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span>a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Increasing perceptions of positive
outcomes for internal venturing, including intrinsic rewards such as a
supportive culture </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span>b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Providing opportunities for managers
to run an independent project or any of the existing entrepreneurial vehicles
for channelling innovation and entrepreneurship.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Innovation in
most organizations is inherently "illegitimate" as it unavoidably
disrupts the status quo. Downsizing typically leads to less innovation. Stability,
not innovation alone, makes companies and their people secure and successful.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Educators can
help to increase perceptions of feasibility of entrepreneurship and
desirability, not just for prospective entrepreneurs but also for community and
its institutional leaders. </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Globalisation has
erased the line between business and International Business. Opportunities, all
over the Globe, can now be pursued from anywhere in the world. India is
parroting the western practice of introducing Entrepreneurship related courses
in business schools, launching skills-universities, promoting Incubation
Centres (New Enterprise Development Centres) and financing Entrepreneurship
Development Centres (Training). Surely, there can be no single-universal
prescription to such large initiatives. There is no visible evidence however,
if these efforts have even considered the very basics of segmenting the target
beneficiaries or customers for such relentless efforts. To illustrate the
point, there are no noticeable signs of entrepreneurship education providers
segmenting their market using any of the simple Segmentation bases (there are
many more) for targeting their efforts:</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">DEMOGRAPHICS</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Gender: women</span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Age: youth/young age</span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Minorities</span></span></li></ul><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">DELIVERY
PREFERENCES</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Classroom, on-line, interactive</span></span></li></ul><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">INDUSTRIES</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Technology</span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Music/Leisure</span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Medical services</span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Others</span></span></li></ul><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">STAGE OF
ENTREPRENEUR/BUSINESS LIFECYCLE</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pre-start-up decision entrepreneurs</span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Nascent/intention entrepreneurs</span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Start-up entrepreneurs</span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Early growth: consolidation</span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Growth entrepreneurs</span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Corporate entrepreneurs</span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Cashed out entrepreneurs</span></span></li><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Serial entrepreneurs</span></span></li></ul><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">PSYCHOGRAPHICS</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Activities, interests, attitudes,
beliefs, opinions</span></span></li></ul><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The intent is
honourable. One does not know though, the depth and width of thought going into
designing and executing the effort.<span> </span>Developing
Entrepreneurship in India requires Entrepreneurs not Administrators.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">***** </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">First Published
07 Aug 21 </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">*** </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“Likes”
"Follows" "Shares" and "Comments" are welcome.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">We hope to see
energetic, constructive and thought provoking conversations. To ensure the
quality of the discussion, we may edit the comments for clarity, length, and relevance.
Kindly do not force us to delete your comments by making them overly
promotional, mean-spirited, or off-topic.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">*** </span></span></p>
</div>Mukul Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04890862504909789206noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6377137607640322691.post-60338508787980102021-09-23T08:57:00.000+05:302021-09-23T08:57:01.336+05:30SECULARISMS (plural) OF INDIA<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEholpAAp0MVj_QeqECc-0M7x2H4y7y3QN3LOQqFuHYmAPuzL-tnplq3QJL65-LwANmyk2LiAf9Petn58Y0tRrj51oiT-AU9yIUk2n8eneQ_d003Kk2uqP_fODJTGYF8IaLPG4BbAniXaI-I/s963/blogger.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="896" data-original-width="963" height="596" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEholpAAp0MVj_QeqECc-0M7x2H4y7y3QN3LOQqFuHYmAPuzL-tnplq3QJL65-LwANmyk2LiAf9Petn58Y0tRrj51oiT-AU9yIUk2n8eneQ_d003Kk2uqP_fODJTGYF8IaLPG4BbAniXaI-I/w640-h596/blogger.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Secularism has long been the language of most public servants
and many scholars in the Western world, enabling both groups to work and live
as though religions were irrelevant to their respective fields. This perspective
has meant that religious phenomena have been ignored or reduced to other
categories such as civil society, humanitarianism or as part of a definition of
“civilization.” Secularism has been more of a huge, welcoming umbrella,
covering all those who object to a religious presence in public politics. In
doing so, secularism has defined itself, and even been defined by its religious
opponents such as the present Pope, more by what it objects to, namely
religion, rather than what it is or proposes.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">While the concept itself has deep historical roots, the term
secularism itself dates only to the 19th century, when it was coined by British
reformer George Jacob Holyoake. Revolutionary America and revolutionary France
were the first two nations to establish themselves on explicitly secularist
terms. The two revolutions, needless to say, had different trajectories – in
part because the French Revolution was much more explicitly anti-clerical than
the American one (Americans were no less hostile to Catholic priests than the
French, there were just far fewer of them in 18th century America).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Secularism as a “defining ideology” is simply another Western
imposition on societies that would prefer much more religion in their states. Secularism
is under attack around the world in ways that are as unexpected as they are
frightening. People are beginning to question the very basis and the conspiracy
behind division of a secular British India on the lines of religion into
independent Islamic Pakistan and an independent secular India. When the University
of Texas surveyed 195 national constitutions from around the world, researchers
found that over 70 of them declare some variation of the secularist ideal.
Remaining 125 out of 195 national constitutions do not pretend to be secular.
This may be disappointing for secularists.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, and especially after
the vent of September 11, 2001 there has been increasing talk of the
determining role of religion in shaping the pattern of the behaviour of states
and non-state actors. Years earlier, Samuel Huntington, in his article on the
coming Clash of Civilizations, had argued that religion will become the most important
marker of identity and the determinant of patterns of international conflicts
and amities. To understand why we need to turn to the politics of secularism -
what kinds of politics follow from different forms of secular commitments,
traditions, habits, and beliefs? Two trajectories of secularism have been
influential in international politics: laicism (separationist narrative in
which religion is expelled from politics – as in Indian constitution), and
Judeo-Christian secularism (a narrative of accommodation in which
Judeo-Christian tradition, with all of the contradictions inherent in that
hyphen, is perceived as the source and foundation of secular democracy – as in
the US). These varieties of secularism don’t map cleanly onto one country or
one individual—both appear in different modes in different times and places. Secular
states are not atheists – the official United States motto says, “In God we
trust.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Modern, free, democratic, pluralist societies like India have
many virtues, but they are also increasingly encountering one significant
problem, “the problem of pluralism.” This is the problem of how to deal with a
number of different, competing, and often conflicting, worldviews or philosophies
of life in the modern democratic state, especially at the institutional level,
such as in schools, government agencies, political parties, parliament, and
most especially at the level of law. Let us appreciate the complexity; secular
India places citizens of minority religions – Muslims, Christians, Sikhs,
Jains, Buddhists, and Zoroastrians (Parsis) - on a different pedestal than the
majority Hindus; but majority Hindus alone have socially disadvantages
sub-groups that enjoy affirmative action.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">There is an image of religion as organisations or communities
around competing truths, which are mutually intolerant, which perhaps even hate
each other’s guts. There is some truth in that in some times and places but the
opposite is more important. Respect for religion is compatible with and may be
a requirement of a democratic political culture. It is important to note that
the world’s major religions are also powerful international networks in their
own right. They are readily mobilized to support fellow religionists in other parts
of the world. India has been a victim of the Muslim and Christian international
networks repeatedly just for her being a Hindu majority nation. Religions are not
sedentary entities. They come alive from time to time, often with serious
implications for their neighbours, just as India need to be pro-active in
working with the Muslims within her borders and across her borders.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">One can only insist on a separation of religion and state if
one means that the state will have no official religion, but we cannot invoke
this separation if we mean that religious beliefs and values cannot be invoked
to influence society and culture. If this is what is meant, then secularists
would be contradicting themselves every time they make any argument for
cultural change based on their values. What would we say about killing of
animals for consumption but not to propitiate a deity or vice-e-versa,
slaughtering of animals during <i>Navaratri </i>and during <i>Eid al-Adha</i>? Can a
democracy, which gets her legitimacy from the majority of the people, turn
around and posit itself as unmindful of the religious views of her majority? Would
it not then be rendering herself as government of the majority, by the majority
but not for the majority? Is that the agenda behind constitutional
fragmentation of majority Hindus into minority caste segments? Is the
discrimination in doling out the state’s largesse amongst Hindu-caste-segments,
and religious minorities a strategy of unification and equality or the ‘divide,
conquer and rule’ strategy of the British? If caste-based affirmative action
was the prescription for social inequality, the evidence is that the remedy has
failed to reduce the inequality even after 70 years of therapy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The biggest question before Indian democracy is how to solve
or at least contain the problem of pluralism, without resorting to the
suppression of some views, without producing too many disgruntled citizens,
without abusing political power, and without slipping into moral and political
relativism.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">**** </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">One may refer to Adrija Roychowdhury (writing in the Indian
Express of December 27, 2017 for debate in the Constituent Assembly on the
subject) “Secularism: Why Nehru dropped and Indira inserted the S-word in the
Constitution” </span><a href="https://indianexpress.com/article/research/anant-kumar-hegde-secularism-constitution-india-bjp-jawaharlal-nehru-indira-gandhi-5001085/"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">https://indianexpress.com/article/research/anant-kumar-hegde-secularism-constitution-india-bjp-jawaharlal-nehru-indira-gandhi-5001085/</span></a><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">**** </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">First published 06 Sep 2021</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">**** </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“Likes” "Follows" "Shares" and "Comments"
are welcome.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">We hope to see energetic, constructive
and thought provoking conversations. To ensure the quality of the discussion, we
may edit the comments for clarity, length, and relevance. Kindly do not force
us to delete your comments by making them overly promotional, mean-spirited, or
off-topic. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">** </span></p>
Mukul Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04890862504909789206noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6377137607640322691.post-32884378551725977622021-09-16T13:06:00.000+05:302021-09-16T13:06:40.281+05:30Covid-19 – Lessons So Far<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipnTe4CH93Iy8RwkFn2MU0ikHOQ3ynVp_hScI4p1CLEGTdu_Z83J5ddIkFkuoBAEbcr77FBnxzXjNNzspVT2I5iYEMqS82HMT3IMIsWSeSazQmqli4ty3ryejhg3-O768tznRTLHUSPy1v/s960/15SepA.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="960" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipnTe4CH93Iy8RwkFn2MU0ikHOQ3ynVp_hScI4p1CLEGTdu_Z83J5ddIkFkuoBAEbcr77FBnxzXjNNzspVT2I5iYEMqS82HMT3IMIsWSeSazQmqli4ty3ryejhg3-O768tznRTLHUSPy1v/w640-h400/15SepA.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Corona
Virus pandemic has taught us a complex and contradictory set of lessons. On the
positive side, the pandemic confirmed the importance of droplet and contact
infection. The pandemic travelled as fast as the modern transportation could
take it around, confirming that it was human bodies that spread it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">On
the negative side of the lessons from the pandemic is that it is exceedingly
difficult to get an urban population to stay at home. People need to work so
they can eat; parents want their children to go to school; businesses dependent
on customers, whether department stores or movie theatre operators, do not want
to close down. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Hence,
the most practical strategy in dealing with COVID-19 is been: move quickly to
isolate the acutely ill in hospital wards or at home, under professional care and
roll-out an intensive public education effort about personal hygiene to
everyone else.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">It
is learned that it is not easy to get the public to practice the rules of
modern nose/ mouth/ hand hygiene. Even at the height of the pandemic, educated
and well informed people broke the rules. It appears that COVID-19 has been a ‘simple
to understand, but difficult to control’ pandemic. Perhaps the most
demonstrably useful methods of protection are certain forms of quarantine and
isolation but, under conditions of modern life these are not readily applicable.
In spite of being difficult to apply and uncertain of success as it may be, the
minimizing of contact seems at present to offer the best chance we have of
controlling the ravages of covid-19. Our response to the next wave of pandemic COVID-19
will likely confirm these lessons. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">This
odd combination of futility and certainty would continue to characterize
summaries of the ‘lessons learned’ from the pandemic. In the field of
prevention little real progress has been made. It will therefore be justifiable
to increase the emphasis already placed on the COVID-19 patient as a definite
focus of infection and to adopt reasonable measures to reduce crowding and
direct contact to a minimum during a period of epidemic prevalence.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The
opportunities for self-protection by individuals lie along the same line:
avoidance of crowds and of direct contact with COVID patients and with people
suffering from the infection; rigorous avoidance of the use of common drinking
glasses, common towels and the like; and scrupulous hand washing before eating.
Techniques of safe coughing and sneezing should be taught to people. A careless
sneeze from an infected person without a mask or a face-cover is a
super-spreader.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Vaccination
is a saviour but not a licence to break the discipline of personal and social
hygiene. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">*****
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">First published 14 Aug 21</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">***</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">“Likes” "Follows" "Shares" and
"Comments" are welcome.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">We hope to see
energetic, constructive and thought provoking conversations. To ensure the
quality of the discussion, we may edit the comments for clarity, length, and
relevance. Kindly do not force us to delete your comments by making them overly
promotional, mean-spirited, or off-topic.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">*** </span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
Mukul Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04890862504909789206noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6377137607640322691.post-42790567725707072072021-09-08T08:36:00.002+05:302021-09-08T08:36:55.980+05:30Do You Trust NAAC Accreditation?<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi9dvG9wVHnbOobP9YUAfTuLQigQ3oQm6-ZamLl9k6ILYByr8X6vhYggWkto1BHLVvXnZBwuWiNXavbva4ZP4L8F52KDVwkEDneHev49rGaxhDupSW71cAcvBwXLlAI-0HPUWgV66LYolk/s1166/naac-A.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1166" data-original-width="1137" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgi9dvG9wVHnbOobP9YUAfTuLQigQ3oQm6-ZamLl9k6ILYByr8X6vhYggWkto1BHLVvXnZBwuWiNXavbva4ZP4L8F52KDVwkEDneHev49rGaxhDupSW71cAcvBwXLlAI-0HPUWgV66LYolk/w624-h640/naac-A.jpg" width="624" /></a></div><br /> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">As per the University
Grants Commission, </span><a href="https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/consolidated%20list%20of%20all%20universities.pdf"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/consolidated%20list%20of%20all%20universities.pdf</span></a><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;"> , there are 988 universities
comprising of 54 central universities, 429 state universities, 380 private
universities and 125 deemed to be universities in India as on 18 June 2021. </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">Of the 318
Universities shown as having valid accreditation by the National Assessment and
Accreditation Council (NAAC), 9 universities are graded as A++ (the highest
possible grade), 36 are graded as A+ and 147 are graded as A. This means 192
universities are ‘A’ Grade and only 126 universities are ‘B’ or ‘C’ Grade
universities. Clearly, 68% of the universities are either unworthy of
accreditation or they do not give a damn about NAAC.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">This information
is gleamed from the Microsoft Excel file named
‘Institutions-accredited-by-NAAC-whose-accreditation-period-is-valid.xls,
downloaded from the link titled ‘</span><a href="http://www.naac.gov.in/images/docs/ACCREDITATION_STATUS/Institutions-accredited-by-NAAC-whose-accreditation-period-is-valid.xls"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">Institutions with valid accreditation</span></a><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">’ from the site </span><a href="http://www.naac.gov.in/2-uncategorised/32-accreditation-status"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">http://www.naac.gov.in/2-uncategorised/32-accreditation-status</span></a><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;"> accessed on 29 June 2021. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">The National
Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC), established in 1994 for addressing
concern on the quality and relevance of the higher education, is an autonomous
institution of the University Grants Commission (UGC). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAWtcY_cv_7k6yyWnfnKAD8DFr_7M5QUPoWZpQ-H7AwMRkPCdtF87loQFb1Pmr_WNNPNrweiGk_wq1E-JqCtZ4L5-YYUC2Cl4j3NRmovBni33x94TeQn1iLg3KbSIaRnhUhEd5MVxCFT54/s860/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="820" data-original-width="860" height="610" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAWtcY_cv_7k6yyWnfnKAD8DFr_7M5QUPoWZpQ-H7AwMRkPCdtF87loQFb1Pmr_WNNPNrweiGk_wq1E-JqCtZ4L5-YYUC2Cl4j3NRmovBni33x94TeQn1iLg3KbSIaRnhUhEd5MVxCFT54/w640-h610/Untitled.png" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">QS World
University Rankings 2022 seems to have failed in capturing such excellence of
Indian Universities since they do not rank even one University from India in
the top-500 in the World. Institutions ranked lower than 500 are those, which
do not score even 30% marks on cumulative ratings. </span><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/see-behind-curtain-qs-world-university-rankings-2022-mukul-gupta"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/see-behind-curtain-qs-world-university-rankings-2022-mukul-gupta</span></a><span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">What is the
likelihood that QS World University Rankings are anti-India? Is there any
possibility that we have designed NAAC as a system of self-adulation for
concealing the fault line within? Or is it merely coincidental that NAAC is happy
to accredit and certify mediocrity as excellence? Is NAAC happy crowning a meagre
figure among cyphers as enormous? Is NAAC failing in its purpose?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">Most
scholars in higher education system and administrators in the Education
Ministry know the truth about NAAC. Keeping their mouths shut and feigning
ignorance of such academic malpractices is not anything surprising amongst
Indian academia. Remaining miser in allowing excellence and becoming benevolent
in tolerating ordinariness is the hallmark of academics in higher education,
may be because of their personal inadequacies and self-doubts.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">‘You scratch
my back and I scratch yours’ seems to define the peer-relationships amongst
Indian academics where they work for selfish mutual benefits rather than the
glory of education. Being a defiant juvenile in the Indian Education system, I
am unable to forget a <span class="css-901oao">Sanskrit subhashit taught to me by
my teacher Shri Chandra Shekhar Dwivedi; </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="css-901oao"><span lang="HI" style="font-family: Mangal; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;">उष्ट्राणां च
गृहे लग्नं </span></span><span class="d2edcug0"><span lang="HI" style="font-family: Mangal; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;">गीतं
गायन्ति गर्दभा:</span></span><span class="css-901oao"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;"> l </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="css-901oao"><span lang="HI" style="font-family: Mangal; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;">परस्परं
प्रशंसन्ति अहो रूपं अहो ध्वनिः </span></span><span class="css-901oao"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">ll</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="css-901oao"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">The government needs to wake up to the deep divide between the
goals and virtues that NAAC is advocating (</span></span><span class="css-901oao"><span lang="HI" style="font-family: Mangal; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">कथनी)
</span></span><span class="css-901oao"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">and what NAAC is doing</span></span><span class="css-901oao"><span style="font-family: Mangal; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Mangal; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></span><span class="css-901oao"><span lang="HI" style="font-family: Mangal; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;">(करनी)</span></span><span class="css-901oao"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One who cares
for the Indian Education would expose rather than cover such hypocrisy (</span></span><span lang="HI" style="font-family: Mangal; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri;">मिथ्याचार</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal;">) </span><span class="css-901oao"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">of NAAC. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="css-901oao"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="css-901oao"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">**</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="css-901oao"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">First Published 30 June 2021</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="css-901oao"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">**</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“Likes” "Follows" "Shares" and "Comments"
are welcome.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">We hope to see energetic, constructive
and thought provoking conversations. To ensure the quality of the discussion, we
may edit the comments for clarity, length, and relevance. Kindly do not force
us to delete your comments by making them overly promotional, mean-spirited, or
off-topic.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">**</span></p>
Mukul Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04890862504909789206noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6377137607640322691.post-37544381433210230632021-08-31T09:12:00.000+05:302021-08-31T09:12:05.920+05:30Politics of Commotion: Superficial Dialogue through Digital and Social Media<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5Ad5NwpSv66kVp4NyMJ1kcBhMc7QNruUiID41GlKYz2EPbTzLR3QsDlETWSXorHfEujTFahL2_MNtVpv6CMq9zWQBiaQXtyVsLLr5OfRz0GW_1Ztz3JqUYrWWR5Ru5EIdsyKNkytjb5AR/s770/770x433.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="433" data-original-width="770" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5Ad5NwpSv66kVp4NyMJ1kcBhMc7QNruUiID41GlKYz2EPbTzLR3QsDlETWSXorHfEujTFahL2_MNtVpv6CMq9zWQBiaQXtyVsLLr5OfRz0GW_1Ztz3JqUYrWWR5Ru5EIdsyKNkytjb5AR/w640-h360/770x433.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> Over the last several years, we are
witnessing, may be not perceiving it seriously, that political discourse in
India is now getting confined to TV and Social Media and is commandeered by the
scheduling consideration of these media options. </span>
<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">To enable the TV editors to gather
participants for the debates and encapsulate content for prime time viewing,
the messages are created no later than 5:00 pm. Likewise, to ensure proper rest
for the media persons and the message sources, political activities,
agitations, rallies, sloganeering, press-conferences, are all usually held after
10:00 am but before 2:00 pm. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The use and proliferation of
digital and social media has radically changed both the way we are using
language and the way we are ‘doing politics’ these days. Virtual space has now
become the ‘natural habitat’ of an increasing number of individuals around the
world; a space where they engage in discussions, work, shop, bank, hangout,
relax, vote, find love partners, conduct their day-to-day activities, and so
forth. A large proportion of day-to-day verbal and visual communication has
migrated to various participatory web platforms. Social media have been hailed
as either emancipatory tools contributing to a more participatory democracy,
creating instant awareness about different social issues, a new public space of
sorts (‘Arab Spring’ and the ‘Occupy’ movement are two widely cited examples). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">A public sphere is a space of
political communication and access to resources that allow citizens to
participate in it. In this sense, given the exclusionary and commodified
character of digital and social media, they cannot be considered as public
spheres nor should they raise our hopes that revolution will be tweeted. Social
and digital Media is dominated by corporations that make money by exploiting
and commodifying users and this is why they can never be truly participatory. On
a serious consideration, digital and social media are just another tool of
control and containment, a profoundly depoliticising arena that fetishizes
technology leading to a denial of a more fundamental political disempowerment.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">One can realize the magnitude and
impact of the medium if they consider that in the famous ‘Russia meddling,’
posts from a Russian company had reached the newsfeeds of 126 million users on
Facebook during the 2016 US election and hundreds of thousands of bots posted political
messages during the election on Twitter alone.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Digital and Social media is a new
kind of an effective political instrument that, in the context of advanced
capitalism, both dehumanizes politics and struggles and absolves people from
the guilt of inertia in the face of major social and economic crises. It serves
as an escape from the stress of intelligence, the pain and tension which
accompany autonomous mental activity. Social Media is actually an effective anaesthesia
against the mind in its socially disturbing, critical functions – leading to
the knocking out of the mental agitation. Social media, as tools for producing
and consuming different kinds of texts promotes a one-dimensional discourse. Consider
the characteristics of Twitter’s one-dimensional discourse:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Language used in Twitter is short,
fragmented and decontextualized: it is a language that tends to express and
promote the immediate identification of reason and fact, truth and established
truth, essence and existence, the thing and its function leaving no room for a
dialogue and counter-reason. Twitter demands simplicity, promotes impulsivity,
and fosters incivility.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Digital media takes the pedestal of
instrumental and technological rationality and reduce audiences to the status
of commodities and consumers of advertisements. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Such audience commodities that the media
consumers become themselves are than sold as an audience to the advertising
clients of the media. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Face-book, Twitter and other sites
serve as an escape from the mechanised work process, and a breather to muster
strength in order to be able to cope with the next round of work again. This
allows social media to be marketed as entertainment – an entertainment that is
accessible, on demand, any time and every time. For this entertainment to
remain as a pleasure, it must not demand any effort of independent thinking
from the audience. This constructs an involvement through inertia that creates
a false sense of participation, security, homogeneity and consensus. Everyone
is presumed to be a producer as well as a consumer of content, and the meaning
of the messages get lost. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">While there is around-the-clock
exposure, constant access, and immediacy (all content is immediately available
for reading and commenting), the message in the digital and social media is
often decontextualized. The context is always that of-the-moment, limiting
broader interpretations, connections and exploration of ramifications. Such
content have a planned obsolescence, as the next programme or tweet will draw
even more attention, commentary, visibility, and currency. The contents history
is the here and now, as an ongoing critique of reality. Meaning loses history.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">It comes, then, as no surprise that
digital and social media have been serving as the ideal medium for populist
parties and their leaders promoting the Politics of Commotion.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Digital and social media constitute an
alternative to the mainstream media. Political campaigns started using social
media as early as 2009, but it was with the 2019 General Elections that their
use was taken to the next level. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Today, most political figures and parties
use digital and social media platforms to disseminate their agendas and this
has largely changed the way politics is conducted. This is a time when politics
is ‘branded’ through social media. While democracies need liberation of the
individuals from politics over which they have no effective control, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>it seems that digital and social media have a
firm grip on a large percentage of the our population, while people, in turn,
have no control over digital and social media. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">***** </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">First published 05 Aug 21</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">*** </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“Likes” "Follows" "Shares" and
"Comments" are welcome.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">We
hope to see energetic, constructive and thought provoking conversations. To
ensure the quality of the discussion, we may edit the comments for clarity,
length, and relevance. Kindly do not force us to delete your comments by making
them overly promotional, mean-spirited, or off-topic.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">***
</span></p>
Mukul Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04890862504909789206noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6377137607640322691.post-14846032837441825882021-08-25T08:07:00.000+05:302021-08-25T08:07:21.727+05:30Honesty Is The Best Even Though It Doesn’t Pay!<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6vVWD6-Zzc7-w-eEfRfzIeD5_9L3L4iAdDyJaN1a7ax7fW5OAXYrO3XhVlNzOFSJ8IpYY1Vp1zrw2ConVDsaQPAidBjq-Mk09jYQXYpvF9MIVMyE4PtRam1nRi2sJwUYoTsjWHW5AFoI8/s636/46936635-0-image-a-14_1629552519439.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="382" data-original-width="636" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6vVWD6-Zzc7-w-eEfRfzIeD5_9L3L4iAdDyJaN1a7ax7fW5OAXYrO3XhVlNzOFSJ8IpYY1Vp1zrw2ConVDsaQPAidBjq-Mk09jYQXYpvF9MIVMyE4PtRam1nRi2sJwUYoTsjWHW5AFoI8/w640-h384/46936635-0-image-a-14_1629552519439.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><i>Famed Duke expert on human dishonesty suspected of fraud. Manipulated
data in study of truth and behaviour threatens career of popular TED Talk star
Dan Ariely</i> - this news headline hit me like a bolt from the blue. (</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/famed-duke-expert-human-dishonesty-suspected-fraud"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/famed-duke-expert-human-dishonesty-suspected-fraud</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">) Dan Ariely (</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://danariely.com/"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">https://danariely.com/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">) is a Duke University professor of psychology and behavioural economics
and author of best-selling books including “<i>The Honest Truth about Dishonesty.</i>”
Another headline screamed at me - <i>Israeli-American academic Ariely is under renewed scrutiny for his role in
research found to be based on falsified data. </i>(</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/claims-swirl-around-academic-ariely-after-honesty-study-found-to-be-dishonest/"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">https://www.timesofisrael.com/claims-swirl-around-academic-ariely-after-honesty-study-found-to-be-dishonest/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">). </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">With age, I have learnt to expect the
unexpected, but this news hit me hard because I am an ardent fan of the works
of Dan and also because he is married to one <i>Sumedha Gupta</i>, a person of Indian
Extraction, who is an accomplished academic in her field.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">From fixing the traffic-rules violations on the roadside with the police
to CAT-score scandals in admissions to IIMs, cheating and dishonesty are
ever-present parts of our national news cycle and unavoidable parts of the
human condition. Call it rational or call it irrational, the honest truth is
that dishonesty is entirely human. We are dishonestly honest or even honestly
dishonest. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Our teachers, parents and family elders always taught us to be honest.
Later on, during the course of our higher education and learning, we were
persuaded by the economists, ethicists, and business sages that honesty is the
best policy. But when we hit the streets living our lives, to our surprise, our
pet theories failed to stand up. Treachery, we found, can pay. There is no
compelling economic reason to tell the truth or keep one’s word—punishment for
the treacherous in the real world is neither swift nor sure.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Economists tell us that trust is enforced in the marketplace through
retaliation and reputation. If you violate a trust, your victim is apt to seek
revenge and others are likely to stop doing business with you, at least under favourable
terms. Sounds logical but is unreal. Cases that apparently demonstrate the
awful consequences of abusing trust turn out to be few and weak, while evidence
that treachery can pay seems compelling. Compared with the few ambiguous tales
of treachery punished, we can find numerous stories in which deceit was
unquestionably rewarded.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">What do professional athletes, football players do? They sign a
long-term contract and after one good year, they threaten to quit unless the
contract’s renegotiated. The stupidity of it all is that they get their way.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Does treachery eventually get punished in the long term? Nothing in the
record suggests it does. Men seldom rise from low condition to high rank
without employing either force or fraud. Power can be an effective substitute
for trust. Power, the ability to do others great harm or great good, can induce
widespread amnesia. Switching loyalties to contrary political ideologies works
around power. Sometimes the powerful leave no other choice. Babus and
bureaucrats have to play ball with the politicians in power, no matter how
badly they were treated in the past or expect to be treated in the future.
Usually, though, power is not that absolute, and some degree of trust is a
necessary ingredient in their working relationships. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Powerful people and business-people do not stand on principle when it
comes to dealing with abusers of power and trust. When the expected reward is
substantial and avoidance becomes really strong, reference checking goes out
the window. In the eyes of people blinded by greed, the most tarnished
reputations shine brightly. Even with a fully disclosed public record of bad
faith, hard-nosed people will still try to find reasons to trust. Trust
breakers are not only unhindered by bad reputations, they are also usually
spared retaliation by parties they injure. The difference between the right and
the wrong evaporates as ‘MIGHT’ becomes ‘RIGHT.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mistrust can be a self-fulfilling prophecy. People aren’t exclusively
saints or sinners; few adhere to an absolute moral code. Most respond to circumstances,
and their integrity and trustworthiness can depend as much on how they are
treated as on their basic character. Initiating a relationship assuming that
the other party is going to try to get you may induce him or her to do exactly
that.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">By and large, most people are intrinsically honest. It’s just the tails,
the ends of the bell-shaped curve, which are dishonest in any industry, in any
area. So it’s just a question of tolerating them. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Honesty is, in fact, primarily a moral choice, but there is little
factual or logical basis for this conviction. Without values, without a basic
preference for right over wrong, trust based on such self-delusion would
crumble in the face of temptation. It is also true however that by and large,
most people are neither powerful nor power-seekers. For such people, honesty is
the most logical policy for leading a contented life.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Most of us choose virtue because we want to believe in ourselves and
have others respect and believe in us. And for this, we should be happy. We can
be proud of a system in which people are honest because they want to be, not
because they have to be. Materially, too, trust based on morality provides
great advantages. It allows us to join in great and exciting enterprises that
we could never undertake if we relied on economic incentives alone.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dishonesty and mistrust are as rational or irrational as is greed or deceit.
Forgiving past lapses can make a righteous and godly sense. People do change.
After all <i>Ratnakar</i>, a dacoit, did become a <i>Maharshi Valmiki</i>; so we are told!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">***** </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">First published 25 Aug 2021</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">*****</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“Likes”
"Follows" "Shares" and "Comments" are welcome.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">We hope to see energetic, constructive and thought provoking
conversations. To ensure the quality of the discussion, we may edit the
comments for clarity, length, and relevance. Kindly do not force us to delete
your comments by making them overly promotional, mean-spirited, or off-topic.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">*** </span></p>
Mukul Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04890862504909789206noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6377137607640322691.post-69256703674430912752021-08-17T08:57:00.000+05:302021-08-17T08:57:00.121+05:30If Managers desire to be respected, they must first make their work virtuous <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbPLeptmcwLTQPtlpiWgAloGhX5sjPP6lpjLEQ2LMB1mdzbzeG3JLtMumfiN3QUNbbm8rX2X_fkw-p3nD1wfIpBPg9R92JENC6gB_pKIYdchFgf5O8dLYEO3dkrXIJLOMzuB-cU9fmPqiq/s640/lion-3012515_640.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="407" data-original-width="640" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbPLeptmcwLTQPtlpiWgAloGhX5sjPP6lpjLEQ2LMB1mdzbzeG3JLtMumfiN3QUNbbm8rX2X_fkw-p3nD1wfIpBPg9R92JENC6gB_pKIYdchFgf5O8dLYEO3dkrXIJLOMzuB-cU9fmPqiq/w640-h408/lion-3012515_640.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Every
discipline or profession has its own self-glorifying vocabulary. It is how its
proponents justify themselves, sell themselves, and think of themselves and
what they do. </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Professors
arrogantly celebrate what they do in the noble semantics of truth and knowledge
even when they spend most of their time and energy battling one another for
position in superbly trivial but venomous campus politics and plagiarising to
publish to escape perishing. But who would question their commitment to the
truth, to illuminating young minds, and to protecting the values of
civilization? </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Politicians
spread out in the concept of public service even while they pursue personal
power and abuse the fears and prejudices of their voters. But who would
question their virtue of devoting oneself to public service and public welfare?
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Eminent
ethical doctors feel terribly upset that the doctors, long known as saviours,
play a key role in promoting kickbacks and bribes that oil every part of the
healthcare machinery. Who would question the value of human life and well-being
and Doctors as the angel-guardians who heal and save lives, an undeniably noble
cause? </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In
the case of business, however, the language of self-description is hardly noble
or self-glorifying. The simple phrase ‘the bottom line’ and the vulgar verb ‘making
money’ summarize a one-dimensional image of business that is disgracefully uncomplimentary
and, in the public perception, extremely negative. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">We
can readily understand why we should applaud people who devote themselves to
public service, or search for truth and knowledge or cure illness and save
lives. It is not so easy to understand why we should cheer for those who, as
they themselves seem to claim, are out only for material gain for themselves. In
many ways, business is an exemplary human activity, involving as it does mutual
attention to needs, desires and demands, creative and productive activity,
face-to-face negotiation, acknowledgment of certain rules of fair play, and the
importance of trust and keeping one's word. When we talk about business as
something less than fully human, or as degrading, then these virtues and
concerns are lost from view and may even seem irrelevant. There is more than
enough cynicism in the world about the callous attitudes in business. We reveal
ourselves in the metaphors we choose. The business world is heavily influenced
by images and metaphors that shape the strategies, structures and processes of
organizations. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Robert
C. Solomon (<i>A Better Way to Think About Business: How Personal Integrity Leads
to Corporate Success</i>, New York: Oxford University Press, 1999) lists some
common metaphors used by business that he considers inappropriate to think
about business. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Again
and again we hear business described as a jungle, a fight for survival, a
dog-eat-dog world, a game defined by its so-called winners and losers. “It’s a
jungle out there” is one of the most pervasive metaphors that brings into
business the classical Darwinian view of the survival of the fittest where the
rule is kill or be killed. But this metaphor is grounded on fundamentally wrong
scientific premises. Evolutionary systems theory shows that cooperation is an
essential strategy in nature, and the jungle metaphor completely ignores this
fact. Of course, some of the animal metaphors are charming: A nice boss is a
"<i>teddy bear</i>" and a tough negotiator is a "<i>tiger</i>," but most
of them are demeaning. Employees, executives, and competitors are described as
snakes in the grass, rats and a wide variety of other rodents, and insects and
arachnids. Corporations in turn are described as fish tanks, shark-infested
waters, and snake pits, as well as the botanical image of the jungle.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Closely
related to the jungle metaphor is the conception of business as war and the
marketplace as the battlefield. War, a familiar metaphor in so many corporate
boardrooms ("the war room"), conjures up more bloody imagery than
Darwinian Theory. The war metaphor feeds on our collective insecurity. Few of
us as individuals would initiate a violent conflict.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Self-proclaimed
realists will tell you that the world is a rough place, that life is unfair,
and that only the ruthless survive. But what they call "real" is only
the projection of their own bad faith. Why are hostile takeovers considered
good business, whereas taking care of employees is considered soft-hearted and
un-business-like? Military metaphors are intrinsically nationalistic, alarmist,
pessimistic, conservative, and authoritarian. This has grim implications for
the mental health of a productive organization. Paranoia is not usually
conducive to creativity or competitiveness. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Just
as every discipline has its own self-glorifying vocabulary, it also has its
heroes, its role models, those who are admired from afar, looked up to and
emulated. University professors sing the praises of Socrates, Newton, Einstein,
<i>Vishwamitra</i>, <i>Tagore</i>, <i>Ramanujam </i>and <i>Raman</i>. But in popular culture and films,
managers are stereotyped as masculine, selfish, mercenary, conscienceless,
greedy, fixers, or out an out idiots. In business, we have a cascade of
best-selling books lauding the management secrets of Attila the Hun (a major
tribal military ruler in 5th-century Europe, best known for his savage
fighting) and Machiavelli (</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">connotes political deceit, deviousness, sneaky, cunning,
and lacking a moral code)</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. They are full
of enthusiasm for "Sun-Tzu" (the art of war), but they neglect his
compatriots Confucius and <i>Kautilya</i>, who know the real "secret" of
Asian prosperity: virtue, integrity, and a real sense of community. Now, what
does all this say of a civilized modern executive that he should take such
characters as a guide to business strategy? And what does it say about
business, that it honours such "heroes"?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Less
violent but as dehumanizing as the jungle and war metaphors is the idea of
business as a money-making machine. The machine metaphor transforms everything
human into something cold and mechanical. Emotions, affections, and
relationships disappear, to be replaced by mere causes and effects.
Corporations are no longer to be identified with the people and personalities
that make them up but with the system in which people are replaceable parts and
in which personality serves as a lubricant or as grist and inefficiency. The
business world as a whole ceases to become a matter of human aspiration and is
reduced to market mechanisms. The notion of "re-engineering," for
example, captures in a word what is wrong with so much of our current thinking
about business. Employees and managers are, after all, "human
resources," to be replenished as needed. Do we expect the carburettor to
be loyal to the engine? And what does the engine owe to the carburettor in
return? </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
sad truth is that the image of materialistic selfishness easily eclipses the
many virtues of business and people in business, their dedication to their work
and their companies, their surprising selflessness in facing the job to be
done, their pride in their products and services, and their relationships with
colleagues and customers. People do not just serve purposes; they first of all
have purposes and personalities of their own. It is the "art of the
deal" that gets celebrated, not the production and distribution of quality
(even lifesaving) goods and services. It is the windfall profit, the
"killing" in the market, the outfoxing of the competition, the
cost-cutting and axe-to-the-max downsizing that make reputations and headlines,
not the routine addition of jobs, the satisfaction of jobs well done, the
camaraderie within the corporation, the unpaid (but not unrewarded)
compensations of integrity. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Competition
is extremely valuable and often necessary in business, but it is not as such
the purpose or goal of business life. There is healthy competition, and there
is sick, debilitating, depraved competition. There is constructive, positive,
even inspiring competition, and there is mutually destructive, negative,
inhibiting competition. War and jungle metaphors give us the latter, along with
all zero-sum games whose point is to punch out your opponent, debilitate the
competition, and win at his or her expense. Business competition, by contrast,
offers us the best example of the former, in which competition serves as a spur
to one's own excellence and productivity. It provides incentives to improve,
creating new heroes, ideals, and possibilities.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">How
we do business, and what business does to us, has everything to do with how we
think about business, talk about business, conceive of business, practice
business. If we think, talk, conceive, and practice business as a ruthless,
cutthroat, dog-eat-dog activity, then that, of course, is what it will become.
And so, too, it is what we will become, no matter how often, in our off hours
and personal lives, we insist otherwise. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">If,
on the other hand, business is conceived, as it has often been conceived, as an
enterprise based on trust and mutual benefits, an enterprise for civilized,
virtuous people, then that, in turn, will be equally self-fulfilling. It will
also be much more amiable, secure, enjoyable, and, last but not least,
profitable.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Unless
we transcend the <i>dominator paradigm</i> (to control, govern, or rule by superior
authority or power), which seems to permeate the thinking and actions of people
in Western civilizations, it will be difficult to come up with alternative
metaphors and new visions like ‘<i>Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam</i> (</span><span lang="SA" style="font-family: "Mangal",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: SA; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">वसुधैव कुटुम्बकम्</span><span lang="SA" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: SA;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">the world is one family)</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">’ to
guide the evolution of the business world and the emergence of evolutionary
corporations. Let us be reminded of Trimurti or Trideva (</span><span lang="HI" style="font-family: "Mangal",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">त्रिमूर्ति</span><span lang="HI" style="font-family: "Mangal",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">trimūrti, "three forms" or "trinity"), the
triple deity of supreme divinity in Hinduism, in which the cosmic functions of
creation, maintenance, and destruction are personified as a triad of deities,
typically <i>Brahma </i>the creator, <i>Vishnu </i>the preserver, and <i>Shiva</i> the destroyer. Let
us not forget that the Supreme-Manager is<i> Bhagwan Vishnu</i> and let us draw out
the symbolic and inner meaning of each of His incarnations (</span><a href="https://www.amrita.edu/news/inner-significance-dashavatars"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">https://www.amrita.edu/news/inner-significance-dashavatars</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">*****
</span></p>
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Published 28 Jul 21</span></p>
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Mukul Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04890862504909789206noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6377137607640322691.post-13159861505834242412021-08-10T08:23:00.000+05:302021-08-10T08:23:18.000+05:30Management Education Requires Radical Reconstruction<p> <br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
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</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsI8HwWj19VdlAs3ZRZKmPv1-mXms2h5Cnt6jWDoM2_TM8Zb3y0nQUSNceyyY3KeCqt8W8RthObvBKkMesidueWaZgk0qRroSkaRgque6iIRxucGgl-GsbAL6vUTh-4aTYlDj-7epIljvA/s640/crossroads-402780_640.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="425" data-original-width="640" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsI8HwWj19VdlAs3ZRZKmPv1-mXms2h5Cnt6jWDoM2_TM8Zb3y0nQUSNceyyY3KeCqt8W8RthObvBKkMesidueWaZgk0qRroSkaRgque6iIRxucGgl-GsbAL6vUTh-4aTYlDj-7epIljvA/w640-h426/crossroads-402780_640.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Having successfully impressed upon the entire business
community the need for ‘vision statements’ and ‘defining their purpose and
mission’, it is the business schools themselves who have failed to internalise
these ideas and their own management leaves much to be desired. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">If one were to use a simple input-process-output model to
examine what they do, business schools are unsure about what the input
(incoming students) they seek is, what the process they subject this input to
is, and what is the output they churn out. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Business schools are unable to articulate, say and implement
if they educate, train or facilitate learning among - future managers who would
also have leadership and entrepreneurial capabilities; or future leaders who
would also have managerial and entrepreneurial capabilities; or future
entrepreneurs who would also have leadership and management capabilities; or
something else.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOvjp5htkBPpaMzcZdmWtc3HTK3-vhUGiTuIz_F-GkJF4n0FXr1OjMTSXf5UqWIkJf9mfWUGy-joOZrt1v9WbMny6hFT-oKDllHUHJDu6EIFK3mL0YhLyhcul3GIYBmaLUAa9ki65pu4jK/s960/ME.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="556" data-original-width="960" height="370" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOvjp5htkBPpaMzcZdmWtc3HTK3-vhUGiTuIz_F-GkJF4n0FXr1OjMTSXf5UqWIkJf9mfWUGy-joOZrt1v9WbMny6hFT-oKDllHUHJDu6EIFK3mL0YhLyhcul3GIYBmaLUAa9ki65pu4jK/w640-h370/ME.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Business schools fail to comprehend that their process for
teaching and learning is completely different from the processes adopted in
other streams of knowledge. Most other streams of education use methods of
description and recreation of phenomenon through attempting to describe the
how/why of occurrences and then letting the learner recreate the occurrence in
the laboratory – thereby generating one’s own data to see if one can arrive at
the same descriptions of occurrences leading to acceptable and replicable
generalisations about the how/why of such phenomenon. In contrast,
business-schools enable learning through ‘mimicry’ of some singular phenomenon.
Learners receive descriptions of some episodes with some speculation about
how/why of that occurrence. A learner is unable to generate own data to arrive
at similar how/why of such phenomenon. No acceptable or replicable
generalisations about the how/why of similarly repeating episodes is possible.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Unsure of what output they intend to produce using methods of
mimicking, business schools are even unsure of the kind of student they wish to
recruit. Business schools are unable to define the prior-learning (both through
formal education and through experience) with which their students would come
on board for a graduate degree in Business. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Many economic and competitive forces have directly impacted
management education institutions during the last two decades or so over which,
business schools had little control. Most institutions were far too risk-averse
to adequately respond. There should be no doubt that the economic and
competitive market in which we all operate has been permanently altered by
Covid-19.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The demands of today’s marketplace call for a new set of
skills and abilities. In this sense then, business schools must align
themselves with an evolving context for leadership, which should be embedded in
the curricular and co-curricular experiences of business students. These new
models of leadership would be defined by instability, non-repeating and unlikelihood
of events.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">While ‘change is a constant’ and ‘all management is
change-management’ are the clichés, the realisation that in spite of nearly
everything changing continuously or discontinuously, human beings are not
changing, and hence human needs are not changing, has to sink-in. The needs for
survival, safety, affiliation, self-realisation (esteem, cognitive, aesthetic),
self-actualization (achievement, accomplishment) and self-transcendence
(visionary intuition, altruism, unity consciousness) are the same as they were
in the last century. How people connect as informal organisations or formal
organisations changes, but why they connect is not changed. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Greed and selfishness for power and wealth has
not changed, nor has altruism vanished. Right was never the might in human
history and there is no change in this facet of civilisation. Might is right as
it always was. What constitutes might may change. Means are constantly changing
not the ends.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Business schools need to create reciprocal, mutually
beneficial collaborations with all kinds of business and non-business
organisations in order to prepare today’s students for an economic marketplace
that, in many instances, doesn’t yet exist. This reflects an uneasy, but an
essential sea-change.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Curricula and
related activities have historically been the sole domain of the faculty and an
extension of the academic enterprise but business schools have to recognise that
the curricula and related activities required for succeeding tomorrow is
neither their monopoly nor does it probably exist with them.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Business schools have to equally appreciate that access and
delivery methods – blended, synchronous, asynchronous, full-time, part-time,
virtual or physical are all methods of delivery of knowledge and education.
Learning is independent of these methods. Learning has always been blended and
facilitated or mediated by multiple actors including peers. Business schools can
only design and control the delivery systems but learning is a personal and
internal process for an individual learner. Yet, business schools have to bear
the responsibility of learning over which they have little control besides
being enablers and facilitators. The need for business schools to adapt their
approaches, as well as their requisite business and revenue models, to evolving
learners’ convenience is imperative.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Near commoditization of the management education industry
makes it difficult for all but the most sophisticated consumer to discern the
difference between many of the programs offered and the new platforms for
delivery. Undifferentiated products and undifferentiated marketing is recipe
for failure. The opportunity lies in designing differentiated products for
different learners segmented on the basis of differences in their prior
learning. Allowing customer-self-selection would provide the benefit of
customer preference rather than institutional prescription.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Business schools have to define the input-process-output of
their enterprise and these three are the themes for defining the management education
sector. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">**</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">First Published 29 June 2021</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">**</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“Likes” "Follows" "Shares" and
"Comments" are welcome.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">We
hope to see energetic, constructive and thought provoking conversations. To
ensure the quality of the discussion, we may edit the comments for clarity,
length, and relevance. Kindly do not force us to delete your comments by making
them overly promotional, mean-spirited, or off-topic.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">**</span></p>
Mukul Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04890862504909789206noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6377137607640322691.post-75182976698156351342021-08-04T10:11:00.000+05:302021-08-04T10:11:07.614+05:30Do We Prepare MBAs To Avoid Mistake-Repeating?<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmov9XWita4KAAwtvii1_xERZAOv2gSZfMspQOIzWPhZFJM39EBNjmbjA8qnSxyVN02kD0622bj_H1SxU6vhLwJ3f7ukWVhoZcRoNNEjroRcfsxeiJIYH889auyJO5jiTwOVAxeCy-SMdo/s640/lose-1565027_640.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="506" data-original-width="640" height="506" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmov9XWita4KAAwtvii1_xERZAOv2gSZfMspQOIzWPhZFJM39EBNjmbjA8qnSxyVN02kD0622bj_H1SxU6vhLwJ3f7ukWVhoZcRoNNEjroRcfsxeiJIYH889auyJO5jiTwOVAxeCy-SMdo/w640-h506/lose-1565027_640.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">Irish
statesman Edmund Burke is often misquoted as having said, “Those who don’t know
history are destined to repeat it.” Spanish philosopher George Santayana is
credited with the aphorism, “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned
to repeat it,” while British statesman Winston Churchill wrote, “Those that
fail to learn from history are doomed to repeat it.” Lessons from the past may
not always ward off doom, but they can provide insights into the present and
even the future.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">In June of
2009, an interviewer asked the legendary economist Paul Samuelson what advice
he would give to someone entering graduate study in economics. “This is
probably a change from what I would have said when I was younger,” Samuelson
replied, but “[I would urge them to] have a very healthy respect for the study
of economic history, because that’s the raw material out of which any of your
conjectures or testings’ will come.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">When you ask
any faculty member if economic, financial, or business history is important,
they would almost for certain say yes. Yet business schools in India rarely
recruit a business historian as a member of their faculty. At most business
schools, history provides marginal value at best, it makes an interesting
elective, but is not at the core of what they provide to students. While
historical questions rarely arise during placement interviews for jobs in
investment banking or consulting, the ability to think in historical frameworks
provides students of all stripes the capacity for analytical depth that
outstrip their peers.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">Teaching
economic, financial, and business history enables students of business schools
prevent the ultimate analytical error: fighting the last battle. Since humans
intrinsically look to the past for guidance, they tend to find solutions in the
past as well. Formal education in history prevents bad, ad-hoc uses of history
in decision making.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">While our
businesses are unlikely to break the tyranny of the quarterly report any time
soon, teaching history forces business school students to think in the long
term. Analysts who think in the long term are less susceptible to mistaking
volatility spikes for the greater trend, and thus better structure investments
and firms that are successful over 20, 50, and even 100 or more years.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">Business
students are likely to carry a wrong notion that their forerunners were less
sophisticated than them, because they have better data, more developed analytic
theory, and better computational tools. So they believe that they would not
have made the mistakes made by their predecessors. Once they study business
history, they would realise that the people of the past were not ignorant bumpkins.
We are subject to asymmetric information, negative externalities, and deficient
regulatory apparatuses just like they were.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">Not
political or social trends but economic crises cause profound societal shifts. Political
crisis of 1975-77 did not change India but the economic crisis of 1991 forced us
to shift our priorities. Not undermining the science, humanities, technology or
policy studies, it is largely business school graduates who will make the
economic, financial, and business decisions that prepare the ground for massive
societal change. As business schools train students to make these decisions,
they have the duty to remind them of the implications of these decisions as
well.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">Business
history, together as a body of literature and a community of academic
researchers, has both a narrow and a broad definition. The narrower definition
includes researchers who conduct primary archival research, although using a
plurality of sources and methods, on the history of business enterprises, who
belong to the professional business history societies now established in many
countries. The broader definition comprises scholars from a variety of social
science disciplines (including management studies) who study the historical
development of business (sometimes doing original archival research of their
own, and sometimes bringing new theoretical perspectives and conceptual
frameworks to bear on existing research). These two circles interact and enrich
the field, which remains open to multiple methodologies and new questions,
without falling under the spell of crippling orthodoxies which constrain
research agendas.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">The “open
architecture” of business history as a discipline means that it is unusually
well‐placed to participate in vigorous two‐way exchanges with scholars in
adjacent fields. On the one hand, careful empirical research by business
historians can effectively challenge or qualify many of the “stylized facts” on
which influential theoretical analyses in the social sciences sometimes rest.
Corporate governance and financial systems are particularly striking examples,
as few if any of the typological frameworks influential in the comparative
literature (insiders vs. outsiders, stakeholders vs. stockholders, banks vs. capital
markets, common vs. civil law) can account persuasively for the range of
variation observed by historians over long time periods within and across
countries. On the other hand, comparative social‐scientific analyses suggest
new questions for business historians, concerning the morphology and
explanation of cross‐national differences in the organization of business
interest associations, the development of vocational education and training
systems, and other similar issues which have not hitherto figured prominently
in national historiographies.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">A sense of
business history is important for business leaders to develop a contextual
intelligence; that is, a strong sense of the business environment they are
navigating. “11 future lessons we can learn from the history of business” by
Jonathan Wichmann (10 September 2018) is a very insightful read from the World
Economic Forum (</span><a href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/09/11-things-business-history-can-teach-us-about-the-future/"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/09/11-things-business-history-can-teach-us-about-the-future/</span></a><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">Indian
Institute of Management at Ahmadabad had initial collaboration with Harvard
Business School. The institute followed Harvard tradition of the case study
approach that required management students to probe into past business dealings
to understand the evolution of business operations and strategies. This
initiated a new course called Business History. This course was introduced in
the post-graduate curriculum under the able guidance of Dr. Dwijendra Tripathi,
former Kasturbhai Lalbhai Professor of Business History at IIMA. Nearly all
management schools in the country boast of using cases as the pedagogical tool
in imparting business education without actively acknowledging </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">that cases are historical events and
case-method of teaching involves simulating and emulating history for
acquisition of wisdom. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">India does
not have any “core” business history journal, resembling the international journals
like ‘<i>Business History</i>’, ‘<i>Business History Review</i>’, ‘<i>Enterprises et Histoire</i>’,
‘<i>Enterprise & Society</i>’, ‘<i>Japan Business History Review</i>’ and ‘<i>Zeitschrift
für Unternehmensgeschichte</i>’. With apologies to other authors for my ignorance,
I am aware of two popular books contributed by Tripathi – ‘<i>The Oxford History
of Contemporary Indian Business</i>’ and ‘<i>The Concise Oxford History of Indian
Business</i>.’ Three popular books contributed by Tirthankar Roy are – ‘<i>A Business
History of India</i>’, ‘<i>The Economic History of India, 1857-2010</i>’ and ‘<i>The East
India Company: The World’s Most Powerful Corporation.</i>’ </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">Paul
Samuelson came to realize only in 2009 that history, economics, business, and
finance are interconnected and inseparable, and need to be treated as such. By
relegating history to the far-flung corners of a few elite business schools, we
deny the intrinsic character of the subjects we study and teach, and risk
condemning our students to a cycle of mistakes that can, in fact, be avoided.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">***** </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">Articulated by
borrowing liberally from </span><a href="https://som.yale.edu/blog/the-importance-of-teaching-history-in-business-schools"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">https://som.yale.edu/blog/the-importance-of-teaching-history-in-business-schools</span></a><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;"> and </span><a href="https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199263684.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199263684-e-001"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199263684.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199263684-e-001</span></a><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">***** </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">First
published 26 July 2021</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">***</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“Likes” "Follows" "Shares" and
"Comments" are welcome.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">We hope to see energetic, constructive
and thought provoking conversations. To ensure the quality of the discussion,
we may edit the comments for clarity, length, and relevance. Kindly do not
force us to delete your comments by making them overly promotional,
mean-spirited, or off-topic.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">** </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;"></span></p>
Mukul Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04890862504909789206noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6377137607640322691.post-4489906513452551812021-07-27T08:51:00.000+05:302021-07-27T08:51:58.865+05:30See Behind the Curtain of QS World University Rankings 2022<div><p style="text-align: left;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8PLgbnlbIO80QrN_52CE8To1DbU7dQLIKF1iH9PpsVxW7ZWrr5aEp0qDrGNhhcrJR-WXahHSInBC3F5kadVKg7EG2rUc6XHFP-ybL6-1btpos1Q_ibrSlKDUFbv1a_jxBK_Q7W3C4VCQT/s910/Untitled.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="830" data-original-width="910" height="584" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8PLgbnlbIO80QrN_52CE8To1DbU7dQLIKF1iH9PpsVxW7ZWrr5aEp0qDrGNhhcrJR-WXahHSInBC3F5kadVKg7EG2rUc6XHFP-ybL6-1btpos1Q_ibrSlKDUFbv1a_jxBK_Q7W3C4VCQT/w640-h584/Untitled.jpg" width="640" /></a><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">I will begin on a lighter note because what follows is
serious and may be tough, harsh and unsavoury for quite a few learned people. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">There is a joke about a man asking his son about his result
in the school, which is narrated nearly in all parts of the country. Rendered
in local dilect with local nuances and cultural flavour, the outcome is always
hilarious. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This joke goes something like
this – </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><i>Man (to his son Ramu)</i> – tell me, whether you passed this time
or have failed the exams once again</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><i>Ramu (replying to his father)</i> – I have stood fourth in the
class</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><i>Man </i>– very good Ramu, but did you pass</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><i>Ramu </i>– Gopal (Head master’s son) has stood sixth in the
class, I have done better than Gopal</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><i>Man </i>– Poor Gopal, he remained behind you, but did he pass or
not</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><i>Ramu </i>- only Dheeru and Golu passed, they stood first and
second. Don’t get angry with me, I am better than 36 in my class. Only 3 are
better than me.</span></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><i>Man (in angry and abusive tone)</i> - Idiot, you failed again</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Clearly, the result was only 5% (2 out of 40) pass rate. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Let us now look at the QS World University Rankings 2022.
India has celebrated that three of our institutions – IIT Bombay (shared rank
177), IIT Delhi (rank 185) and IISc Bangalore (shared rank 186) continue to
remain in the top 200 ranked Universities of the World even in 2022. The Prime
Minister (</span><a href="https://twitter.com/narendramodi/status/1402628065474203650"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">https://twitter.com/narendramodi/status/1402628065474203650</span></a><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">) and the
Education Minister (</span><a href="https://twitter.com/DrRPNishank/status/1402559433259962371"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">https://twitter.com/DrRPNishank/status/1402559433259962371</span></a><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">) also
congratulated these institutions, and rightly so, rankings do give us a sense
of achievement. We need to be careful however, if our euphoria (</span><a href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-emerging-a-vishvaguru-says-ramesh-pokhriyal-after-3-indian-institutes-figure-in-top-200-qs-world-university-rankings/articleshow/83373333.cms"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-emerging-a-vishvaguru-says-ramesh-pokhriyal-after-3-indian-institutes-figure-in-top-200-qs-world-university-rankings/articleshow/83373333.cms</span></a><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> ) is like
that of a Ramu or a Golu?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">QS World
University Rankings 2022 feature 1,300 universities from around the world. There
are 35 Indian Universities in this list of 1300. (</span><a href="https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2022"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2022</span></a><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;"> )</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">Universities
were evaluated according to a weighted average of the six metrics - Academic
Reputation (40%), Employer Reputation (10%), Faculty/Student Ratio (20%),
Citations per faculty (20%), International Faculty Ratio (5%), and International
Student Ratio (5%). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">The matrices
are reported as measurements on an analogue interval scale (0-100) which are
then aggregated into an overall score (weighted average). The overall score is
therefore on an analogue interval scale (0-100). </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">The overall
score was then ordered from high to low and discreet ranks awarded as 1, 2, 3, and
4 and so on. Universities tied at same overall score share the same rank and
the next rank is then skipped to account for double cases at same rank. In such
ranking, among the top 200 ranks, three institutions from India figured.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">Let us try
to see beneath the veil of these ranks. </span></p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">MIT,
which ranks first has an overall score of 100 (rounded up) composed of Academic
Reputation (40% of 100), Employer Reputation (10% of 100), Faculty/Student
Ratio (20% of 100), Citations per faculty (20% of 100), International Faculty
Ratio (5% of 100), and International Student Ratio (5% of 91.4).</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">The
overall scores are thus some kind of ratings for the Universities.
Interestingly, as we go down the ranking list, the overall score drops very
fast - Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh United States scores less than
75% but ranks at 53; Hanyang University, Seoul South Korea scores less than 50%
but ranks at 156; Maastricht University, Maastricht Netherlands scores less
than 50% but ranks at 156; and University of Missouri, Columbia United States
scores less than 25% but ranks at 476. </span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">Overall
Scores for Universities ranked at 501 or lower are nor reported (they scored 24
or less out of 100)</span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">Let us
revert to performance by the institutions from India. There are 35 institutions
from India in the list of 1300 ranked institutions, of which 3 are in top-200,
5 more are in the 201-500 group, another 14 are in the next 500 ranks while the
remaining 13 are in the last 300 ranks. The top-3 institutions from India are
rated and ranked as under:</span></p>
</div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">IIT Bombay (</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">Academic Reputation -51.3, Employer Reputation -79.6,
Faculty/Student Ratio- 32.5, Citations per faculty -55.5, International Faculty
Ratio – 1.5, International Student Ratio – 1.6; </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Overall score – 46.4; rank-177),
</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">IIT Delhi (</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">Academic Reputation -45.8, Employer Reputation -70.8,
Faculty/Student Ratio- 30.9, Citations per faculty -70.0, International Faculty
Ratio – 1.2, International Student Ratio – 1.7; </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Overall score – 45.9; rank
185),</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> and </span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">IISc Bangalore (</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">Academic Reputation -34.2, Employer Reputation -19.2,
Faculty/Student Ratio- 48.8, Citations per faculty -100.0, International
Faculty Ratio – 1.2, International Student Ratio – 1.8; </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Overall
score – 45.7; rank 186)</span></li></ul><div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The next 5 ranked institutions are:</span></p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">IIT Madras (Overall score – 38.1, rank 255), </span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">IIT Kanpur (Overall score – 36.4, rank 277), </span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">IIT Kharagpur (Overall score – 36.3, rank 280), </span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">IIT Guwahati (Overall score – 28.3, rank 395) and </span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">IIT Roorkee (Overall score – 28.0, rank 400).</span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Here is what the rating data displays:</span></p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Only the public institutions of technology and science
are able to find a place in the top-500 club. These are deemed to be
universities but not a university in the real sense of the term. A university
is multi-disciplinary, spanning across humanities, science, commerce and social
sciences rather than being confined to a very narrow focus on technology. </span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">There is no real Indian University in the top-500
ranks. South Africa has 4 real universities in the top-500 club.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">As against 8 institutions from India in the top-500
club, Europe has 212 institutions, United States has 87 institutions while Rest
of Asia has 117 institutions (includes 26 from mainland China, 16 from Japan).</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">These 8 institutions do not account for even 1% of the
total university enrolment in India.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The best of best in India scores only 46% marks as
compared to the best in the world score of 100%.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">There are large variances in the scores for Academic
Reputation, Employer Reputation, Faculty/Student Ratio and Citations per
faculty within the top 3 whose ranks are spread over only 9 ranks.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Employer reputation seems to exceed Academic
Reputation for the high ranked institutions in India. IISc turns out to be an
exception in reputation as well as in its Citation score.</span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">Makeup is
used as a beauty aid to help build up the self-esteem and confidence of an
individual. Like NIRF Rankings (</span><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350354434_NIRF%27s_India_Rankings_Are_Ludicrous"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350354434_NIRF%27s_India_Rankings_Are_Ludicrous</span></a><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">) QS </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">World University Rankings
2022 are a makeup for educational institutions. This makeup conceals the ugly
pockmarks on the face of Universities in India. It is unfortunate that the
Education Minister has </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">utilized
this makeup to beat the harsh lights and the glare of camera flashes which
would expose the rot in education system. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">By calling
these rankings as a testimony for India’s “leap in the field of Education &
Research and is emerging as a VISHVAGURU” Education Minister is only proving
his lack of understanding and literateness. Surely, he remembers well – “Parde
Mein Rehne Do Parda Na Uthao, Parda Jo Uth Gaya To Bhedh Khul Jayega, Allah
Meri Tauba - Allah Meri Tauba” <span style="font-family: inherit;">(</span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">परदे में रहने दो पर्दा न उठाओ</span><span style="line-height: 105%;">, </span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">पर्दा जो उठ गया तो भेद खुल जायेगा</span><span style="line-height: 105%;">, </span></span><span lang="HI" style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 105%;"><span style="font-size: small;">अल्लाह मेरी तौबा - अल्लाह मेरी तौबा</span>) </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">keep the curtain on, don't lift the
curtain, If the curtain is lifted, then the secret will be revealed, Allah is
my repentance - Allah is my repentance.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">**</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">First published 12 June 2021</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">***</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“Likes” "Follows" "Shares" and "Comments"
are welcome.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">We
hope to see energetic, constructive and thought provoking conversations. To
ensure the quality of the discussion, we may edit the comments for clarity,
length, and relevance. Kindly do not force us to delete your comments by making
them overly promotional, mean-spirited, or off-topic.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">*** </span></p>
</div>Mukul Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04890862504909789206noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6377137607640322691.post-76773484169539006682021-07-19T08:23:00.000+05:302021-07-19T08:23:37.505+05:30Peer-Reviewed and Impact-Factor Dilemma in Research<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-FuzjL6WvqKIcLVKtiWDWFNOI2hwXjLqAbs6EqG9UII0UFFuLBgy2bu2TnPgDwj4UkE056Yb3Oz4yTzWG_ZkaCJeDji4XhSPW97oYn6MF2HZboRoos_aui041OI17IX779jAKQBzrQuuR/s600/title.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="600" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-FuzjL6WvqKIcLVKtiWDWFNOI2hwXjLqAbs6EqG9UII0UFFuLBgy2bu2TnPgDwj4UkE056Yb3Oz4yTzWG_ZkaCJeDji4XhSPW97oYn6MF2HZboRoos_aui041OI17IX779jAKQBzrQuuR/w640-h320/title.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;"><b>Peer review</b> (as
the publishers claim) is designed to assess the validity, quality and often the
originality of articles for publication. Its ultimate purpose is to maintain
the integrity of science by filtering out invalid or poor quality articles.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">From a
publisher’s perspective, peer review functions as a filter for content,
directing better quality articles to better quality journals and so creating
journal brands.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">Different
journals use different types of peer review. At least four main types of peer
review processes are in vogue:</span></p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;"><i>Single-Blind</i>:
the reviewers know the names of the authors, but the authors do not know who reviewed
their manuscript unless the reviewer chooses to sign their report.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;"><i>Double-Blind</i>:
the reviewers do not know the names of the authors, and the authors do not know
who reviewed their manuscript.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;"><i>Open Peer</i>:
authors know who the reviewers are, and the reviewers know who the authors are.
If the manuscript is accepted, the named reviewer reports are published
alongside the article and the authors’ response to the reviewer.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;"><i>Transparent
Peer</i>: the reviewers know the names of the authors, but the authors do not know
who reviewed their manuscript unless the reviewer chooses to sign their report.
If the manuscript is accepted, the anonymous reviewer reports are published
alongside the article and the authors’ response to the reviewer.</span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">The peer
review system is not without criticism. Studies show that even after peer
review, some articles still contain inaccuracies and demonstrate that most
rejected papers will go on to be published somewhere else.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">Despite
criticisms, peer review is still the only widely accepted method for research
validation and has continued with relatively minor changes for some 350 years. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;"><b>The impact
factor</b> (IF) is a measure of the frequency with which the average article in a
journal has been cited in a particular year. It is used to measure the
importance or rank of a journal by calculating the times its articles are
cited.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">The
calculation of Impact Factor is based on a two-year period and involves
dividing the number of times articles were cited by the number of articles that
are citable. To illustrate - Calculation of 2010 IF of a journal:</span></p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">A
= the number of times articles published in 2018 and 2019 were cited by indexed
journals during 2020.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">B
= the total number of "citable items" published in 2018 and 2019.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">A/B
= 2020 impact factor<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">If one
publishes an article in a Journal with Impact Factor 2.0, then it must live up
to the average citation performance of articles in that journal and it must
therefore be cited at least twice in each of the succeeding years, or else, the
article will contribute towards lowering of the IF of the journal. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">The belief
that peer-reviewed publications should be the metric for research success seems
to be rooted in the following assertions that are accepted as truths:</span></p>
<ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">A
peer-reviewed publication conveys more research authority because its findings
have been vetted and then accepted by other members of the discipline.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">The
peer-review process is anonymous, more competitive and (supposedly) more
objective in its selection process </span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">Peer-reviewed
publications are more prestigious and convey the expertise of the researcher.</span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">These assertions
are oversimplifications that erase the real nuance of peer-review publication.
The peer-review process leaves the fate of someone’s research findings subject
to the whims of two or three people who, like all of us, are influenced by
variables including their own natural preferences for certain kinds of work. It
is just a generalization to claim that peer-reviewed publications are always
more selective or rigorous. (Admittedly, however, a peer-reviewed publication
will almost always take longer to appear in print, which, for some people, adds
to the genre’s perceived rigour.)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">Peer-reviewed
publications are simply not the only place where intellectual conversations are
happening and where a researcher might want to share their ideas. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Over emphasis on Peer-Reviewed and high IF journals for
publishing has resulted into more of replication and conformist research. Within
my limited experience, I have found that most of the people who are creative
types produce work that would not make sense in many of the “top” academic
journals. They would therefore follow the path of </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">Influencing without High IF
Publishing through Usable, Useful and Timely Preprints and overcome the limitations
inherent in High IF Publishing without Influencing. </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">A great
research paper is not enough and it requires development, mobilisation, and
exposure. A preprint is a version of a scientific manuscript posted on a public
server prior to any formal peer review. Once it is posted, the preprint becomes
a permanent part of the scientific record and is citable with its own unique
DOI. By sharing ones research early, one can accelerate the speed at which
science moves forward. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;"><b>One
Rewarding Story</b>:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">I am gratified
with the fact that instead of waiting to publish my research in esoteric
journals with high impact factors, which would have taken their own sweet time
to convey their rejection or seeking revision or acceptance and publication, titled "<i>Modelling Spread of Corona Virus Using Adapted Bass Model</i>" ResearchGate DOI:
10.13140/RG.2.2.30944.43522), I chose to publish it as a non-peer-reviewed,
preprint under Creative Commons license <strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CC BY-NC</span></strong> allowing
others to remix, adapt, and build upon my work non-commercially, and although
their new works must also acknowledge me and be non-commercial, they don’t have
to license their derivative works on the same terms.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">The benefit
of giving free access to my Applied Managerial Research to others is that the
same has been pursued, acknowledged, utilised and improved upon quickly and
proactively. Here are the citations that I am now aware of (in the
chronological order of their appearance and not conforming to citation styles):</span></p>
<ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">Zeny
L Maureal, Jovelin Lapates, Madelaine S Dumandan, Vanda Kay B. Bicar and Derren
Gaylo (of Bukidnon State University, Philippines) (August 2020) “Adapted Bass
Diffusion Model for the Spread of COVID-19 in the Philippines: Implications to
Interventions and Flattening the Curve” <i>International Journal of Innovation,
Creativity and Change</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ijicc.net"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">www.ijicc.net</span></a><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;"> Volume 14, Issue 3, 2020</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">Ted
G Lewis (of Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, United States) and Waleed
I. Al (of Bahrain Defence Ministry, Manama, Bahrain) (March 2021) “Predicting
the Size and Duration of the COVID-19 Pandemic” <i>Frontiers in Applied
Mathematics and Statistics.</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Vol.6. DOI:
10.3389/fams.2020.611854</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">Ted
G Lewis (of Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, United States) (July 2021)
“Emergence of Contagion Networks from Random Populations” <i>Research Gate,
Pre-print</i>.</span></li></ol>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%;">The above
story has enthused me to do more creative and out-of-box research and not care
too much about getting it endorsed and accepted by 2-3 unknown peers. I would
prefer to share my research with the world without any delay and leave it to a
more inclusive, extensive and democratic review by fellow researchers and
audiences. I have been actively involved in delivering keynote addresses at non-academic
conferences and writing hard-hitting op-ed piece that shapes public policy. These
have often been contrarian approaches to conformist thinking.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL9iQDPzSyA1uegaQsRM0p_704L39hmAtdEnaeAe54Y1NoLiKDEISHZFXpDaAUQBo9o2APGx_5Bfb6F0H4sMQVqndSKFyQCfayzUncgo-16oWGOFsNin0sXAdJQ46kTxQqdUeQgyB4y2Wt/s756/Lancet-preprint.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="756" data-original-width="756" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL9iQDPzSyA1uegaQsRM0p_704L39hmAtdEnaeAe54Y1NoLiKDEISHZFXpDaAUQBo9o2APGx_5Bfb6F0H4sMQVqndSKFyQCfayzUncgo-16oWGOFsNin0sXAdJQ46kTxQqdUeQgyB4y2Wt/w640-h640/Lancet-preprint.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br />The views of pure-applied research which I wish to lay before
you have sprung from the soil of abstraction of observations into
model-building and therein lies their strength. They are radical. Henceforth management-theory
by itself, and management-practice by itself, are doomed to fade away into mere
shadows, and only a kind of union of the two will preserve an independent
reality of managerial wisdom.<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">**</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">First Published 19 July 2021 </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">**</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“Likes” "Follows" "Shares" and "Comments"
are welcome.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">We
hope to see energetic, constructive and thought provoking conversations. To
ensure the quality of the discussion, we may edit the comments for clarity,
length, and relevance. Kindly do not force us to delete your comments by making
them overly promotional, mean-spirited, or off-topic.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">*** </span></p>
Mukul Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04890862504909789206noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6377137607640322691.post-59684186791518240922021-07-12T12:17:00.000+05:302021-07-12T12:17:40.258+05:30 COVID Confusions <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwlMkpapC8QIX6Q3D3k_-owpPzZXO80bS07C4gjK3Y-Kh4b3Z2P7FlG3PdHnBRGI9gVWjpjjp8IBVUGyNgoy6wgalOc3g_QuDdvER3DI616BKa5xXWJlz_fuUwjLcYYMRKcn41ERFqUXBo/s1191/Untitled.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="897" data-original-width="1191" height="482" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwlMkpapC8QIX6Q3D3k_-owpPzZXO80bS07C4gjK3Y-Kh4b3Z2P7FlG3PdHnBRGI9gVWjpjjp8IBVUGyNgoy6wgalOc3g_QuDdvER3DI616BKa5xXWJlz_fuUwjLcYYMRKcn41ERFqUXBo/w640-h482/Untitled.jpg" width="640" /></a><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">COVID-19 is a new acronym coined
for Corona-Virus-Induced-Disease of the year 2019. Year 2020 made some old word
or phrases suddenly very fashionable and buzzing with new meanings, and
injected them into active vocabulary of people. Corona, a word hitherto
associated with the Sun, novelty and SARS-Coronavirus-1 was not so much in use
but became suddenly a dreaded word linked to COVID-19. Positivity, a word that
was generally used for the practice of being or tendency to be positive or
optimistic in attitude up until then, took on the other meaning of the presence
rather than absence of a certain substance, condition, or feature, now a
measure of incidence of disease. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Check out some of these words or
phrases for yourself, because your inability to use them in conversations may be
mistaken as your ignorance – animal-human interface, asymptomatic, carrier, clinical
trials, community spread, contact tracing, Contagious, Droplets, Epidemic,
flatten the curve, herd immunity, HRCT scan, incubation period, Isolation,
Mask, mRNA Vaccines, Mutant, Outbreak, Oxygen-concentrator, Oximeter, Pandemic,
Pathogen, patient zero, PCR test, personal protective equipment (PPE), Plasma, Quarantine,
Rapid-Antigen Test, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2
(SARS-CoV-2), Screening, self-isolate, social distancing, Super spreader,
Symptomatic, Transmission, Vax, Ventilator, Viral Vector Vaccines, Zoonotic –
and the list goes on. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Some proper nouns also made their
way in the active vocabulary – Wuhan, AstraZeneca, Covax, Covaxin, Covishield,
Sputnik5, Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, Johnson & Johnson’s Janssen, Novavax, Coronil,
CoviSelf, Remdesivir, 2-DG, and so on; but the most conspicuous proper noun is FAUCI.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Anthony Stephen FAUCI (born
December 24, 1940) is an American physician-scientist and immunologist who
serves as the director of the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious
Diseases (NIAID) and the chief medical advisor to the president. He has acted
as an advisor to every U.S. president since Ronald Reagan. From 1983 to 2002,
Fauci was one of the world's most frequently cited scientists across all
scientific journals. In the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, The New
Yorker and The New York Times described Fauci as one of the most trusted
medical figures in the United States. Currently Fauci is the Chief Medical
Advisor to President Joe Biden, officially appointed in 2021. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">After initially declaring in April
of last year that the virus was “not a major threat to the people of the United
States” and that it was “not something the citizens of the United States right
now should be worried about,” Fauci repeatedly urged Americans not to wear
masks early in the pandemic. Later, Fauci admitted that he had believed all
along that masks were effective but said he had wanted to ensure that supplies
would be reserved for medical professionals. In other words, he asserted that
he had the right to lie to the public for what he believed to be their own
benefit. If Fauci is correct that masks effectively contain the spread, then
the cost of his misinformation as the pandemic worsened may be incalculably
large, for the US community. (</span><a href="https://www.delcotimes.com/opinion/chris-freind-dr-fauci-needs-a-dose-of-reality/article_9bce984e-7641-11eb-8c87-4f0114a8a7a2.html"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">https://www.delcotimes.com/opinion/chris-freind-dr-fauci-needs-a-dose-of-reality/article_9bce984e-7641-11eb-8c87-4f0114a8a7a2.html</span></a><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> )</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">After repeatedly dismissing the
theory that the COVID-19 virus escaped from the Wuhan Institute of Virology in
China, Fauci now says he cannot rule out the theory.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Fauci has now backtracked on his
comments about the National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding for the Chinese
lab under his leadership, that funding was not for “gain of function” research,
a laboratory technique that intentionally makes pathogens more dangerous and
transmissible. Gain of function research in Wuhan was indeed funded through one
of Fauci’s grants.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Late last week, COVID policies stated
that fully vaccinated individuals do not need to wear masks indoors or outdoors,
any longer. Defending the policy, Fauci declared that the abolition of mask mandates
was not a contradiction of previous policy but instead followed “evolving
science” on the virus; although no examples of this supposedly new scientific
evidence were forthcoming. Fauci then added to the confusion by declaring,
apparently on his own authority, that young children would still be required to
wear masks in school. Then, just a gay later, Fauci suggested that it was
“reasonable” for businesses to maintain mask mandates even for vaccinated
Americans, in blatant defiance of the CDC’s recent guidance. Whichever way one
looks at it, Fauci has become a key player in the current controversy, which
completes his transformation from an independent doctor into a political
football, at the age of 80 years.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Fauci has also steadily moved the goalposts
on the percentage of the population that will need to be vaccinated to achieve
herd immunity. Earlier this year, he said herd immunity would be achieved when
60% were vaccinated; in recent interviews, he has spewed out numbers as high as
85%. At the very least, the top infectious diseases expert of the US and chief
medical adviser to Biden is loose with the facts and is prone to changing his
mind. To be fair, the pandemic caught a lot of people unaware, but the thing
about Fauci is that he always is so sure of himself. (</span><a href="https://nypost.com/2021/01/24/dr-fauci-needs-to-be-held-responsible-for-mistakes-devine/"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">https://nypost.com/2021/01/24/dr-fauci-needs-to-be-held-responsible-for-mistakes-devine/</span></a><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> ).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">India has done well in vaccinating
the armed forces personnel with 90% of them having already received both doses
of vaccine. India did not listen to the US guidelines (CDC) on reopening of
schools, which is now being associated with untold misery that followed in
Texas.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Luckily, Indian policy-makers do listen
to Dr. Anthony Fauci but do not blindly subscribe to all his utterances. Good, is
not it, that while being open to all the information, suggestions, knowledge
and advice coming from everywhere, we have a mind of our own. When it comes to
inconsistent and improvisational COVID messaging, no one can surpass Dr.
Anthony Fauci.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">*</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">**</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">First published 24 May 21</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">*</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"></p><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">** </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“Likes” "Follows" "Shares" and "Comments"
are welcome.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">We
hope to see energetic, constructive and thought provoking conversations. To
ensure the quality of the discussion, we may edit the comments for clarity,
length, and relevance. Kindly do not force us to delete your comments by making
them overly promotional, mean-spirited, or off-topic.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">**
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">*</span></p>
<br />Mukul Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04890862504909789206noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6377137607640322691.post-45260012456165501712021-07-02T08:18:00.000+05:302021-07-02T08:18:18.404+05:30I Have Tested Positive. Am I Going To Die? <p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jXsnLTilL1c/YN59byRKbVI/AAAAAAAABko/b-EEmM41nQErKywz4EdgxxI0b9fSLSFjQCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/corona-5071970_640.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="640" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jXsnLTilL1c/YN59byRKbVI/AAAAAAAABko/b-EEmM41nQErKywz4EdgxxI0b9fSLSFjQCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h640/corona-5071970_640.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: large;">I am not insensitive to the grief of
so many around who have already lost someone close to this terrible disease. I
feel and share their grief and anger having lost not just one but many from
amongst my family and friends over the last few days. While they were gasping
for life, all of them repeatedly asked me this question, “Am I going to die?” Many
others, who were by their side, attended by the same medical teams, also asked
this question recurrently. Of them, many survived but a few could not. </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Our pain is unique to us, our
relationship to the person we lost is unique, and the emotional processing can
feel different to each person. It is acceptable for us to take the time we need
and remove any expectation of how we should be performing as we process our
grief.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">When we lose a loved one, the pain we
experience can feel unbearable. Understandably, grief is complicated and we
sometimes wonder if the pain will ever end. We go through a variety of
emotional experiences such as anger, confusion, and sadness.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This post reflects my concern for
those who are battling for life and for their family and friends who are
equally anxious. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“I have tested positive. Am I going to
die?” is a straightforward question that most people would like answered. This
simple question is hard to answer. Ask this to someone who has seen a dear one
succumb to this disease and the frank answer would be, “to be true and
forthright, yes you are going to die, unless some miracle happens.” Ask the
same question to someone who has seen a dear one survive this disease and the
likely answer would be, “it is going to be a long, painful and apprehensive
battle, but don’t worry, everything will be fine.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A forthright question, “I have tested
positive. Am I going to die?” is remarkably challenging to be answered by a
bystander to the agony of the raging pandemic, who can only look at numbers and
statistics to support his answer.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">When the risk of death from COVID-19
is discussed, the Case Fatality Rate, sometimes called Case Fatality Risk or Case
Fatality Ratio, or CFR, is often used. The CFR is very easy to calculate. The
number of people who have died, divided by the total number of people diagnosed
with the disease is CFR.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZvIQ0UW3TUs/YN59pPwz5RI/AAAAAAAABks/oU03mrb67mEd7nu3cUZL5lX0KldHBgdcQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1190/CFR_16Jun.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="840" data-original-width="1190" height="283" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZvIQ0UW3TUs/YN59pPwz5RI/AAAAAAAABks/oU03mrb67mEd7nu3cUZL5lX0KldHBgdcQCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h283/CFR_16Jun.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: large;">CFR is the ratio between the number of
confirmed deaths from the disease and the number of confirmed cases, not total
cases. That means that it is not the same as the risk of death for an infected
person and, in early stages of fast-changing situations like that of COVID-19,
probably not even very close to the true risk for an infected person. </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Recall the question we asked at the
beginning- if someone is infected with COVID-19, how likely is it that they
will die? What we want to know is not the Case Fatality Rate; it is the Infection
Fatality Rate (IFR). CFR is not the answer to the question, for two reasons. First,
CFR relies on the number of confirmed cases, and many cases are never
confirmed; secondly, CFR relies on the total number of deaths, and with
COVID-19, some people who are sick and may die soon, are not counted in total
number of deaths until have not died. The first reason inflates CFR while the
second one deflates it.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">With the COVID-19 outbreak, it can
take between two to eight weeks for people to go from first symptoms to death,
according to data from early cases. With CFR data available for the last 67
weeks that this pandemic has been raging, it is seen that the CFR for a country
is not fluctuating as wildly as it was in the first 40 weeks and the CFR for
many countries, including India, have not seen large deviations from a stable
trend line over the last 18 week.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It is exceptionally important however
to note that CFR for cases under Home-Isolation, under Medical-care and under
critical-care are different. Further, these CFRs vary across states and
locations within India. National CFR is an aggregated mean of all of this CFRs.
The cases under critical care are overwhelming the health-care-system at this
time, for which the CFR is logically and expectedly much higher.</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">With IFR being non-available, CFR is being
used, albeit quite cautiously, to answer the question, “I have COVID-19. Am I
going to die?” and the tremendously relieving answer to the question with a
very high chance of being true, at least for patients under home-isolation and
those kept in quarantine is a very loud NO. I hope the COVID-19 survivors, who
constitute over 98% of the confirmed cases of COVID-19 infections will join the
chorus.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">**</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">First published 11 May 2021</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">**</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“Likes” "Follows" "Shares" and
"Comments" are welcome.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">We
hope to see energetic, constructive and thought provoking conversations. To
ensure the quality of the discussion, we may edit the comments for clarity,
length, and relevance. Kindly do not force us to delete your comments by making
them overly promotional, mean-spirited, or off-topic.</span></p>
<p> </p>Mukul Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04890862504909789206noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6377137607640322691.post-85983029529372606212021-06-25T09:57:00.001+05:302021-06-25T09:57:25.446+05:30Surely you are joking Dr. Lele?<p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tfHpwUY7nVY/YNVT7AC1UsI/AAAAAAAABkI/YbqiYYXgQEYMXJA0875cfit1fPoxPyfUQCLcBGAsYHQ/s768/mumbaitak_2021-05_ecf9bc85-7586-439d-8c28-a97453ba6cae_doctor_jayesh_lele_1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="419" data-original-width="768" height="350" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tfHpwUY7nVY/YNVT7AC1UsI/AAAAAAAABkI/YbqiYYXgQEYMXJA0875cfit1fPoxPyfUQCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h350/mumbaitak_2021-05_ecf9bc85-7586-439d-8c28-a97453ba6cae_doctor_jayesh_lele_1.png" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
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<![endif]--><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Evidence-Based Medicine is a hot topic
ever since the unpleasant and acrimonious spat between Swami Ramdev, also known
as Baba Ramdev, of Patanjali and Dr. Jayesh Lele, MBBS, general secretary of
the country’s largest lobby of allopathic doctors, the Indian Medical
Association, or IMA was aired on 25 May 2021. </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Lele seem to claim that COVID-19
treatment being undertaken in India by the allopathic doctors is Evidence-Based
Medicine, which Ramdev was unwilling to accept due to very frequent and recurring
changes in the allopathic treatment-protocols being practised, the preceding
ones being abandoned citing lack of evidence while the succeeding ones being
merely new conjectures. <span> </span>Following the
dictum that ‘absence of evidence’ is not the ‘evidence of presence’ let us
dispassionately and objectively examine Lele’s claim.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">The updated (revised and improved)
definition of Evidence-Based Medicine is a systematic approach to clinical
problem solving which allows the integration of the best available research
evidence with clinical expertise and patient values. (David L. Sackett, Sharon E.
Straus, W. Scott Richardson, William Rosenberg, and R. Brian Haynes. <i>Evidence-Based
Medicine: How To Practice And Teach EBM</i>. 2<sup>nd</sup> edition, London:
Churchill-Livingstone, 2000)</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Speaking at the MLA 2010 Annual
Conference, held in Washington DC, Mark Ebell, MD, MS, Associate Professor at
the University of Georgia, and Editor-in-Chief, Essential Evidence Plus <span> </span>defined Evidence-Based Practice as,
"Making a conscientious effort to base clinical decisions on research that
is most likely to be free from bias, and using interventions most likely to
improve how long or well patients live." (</span><a href="https://youtu.be/XWi7vNv2nos"><span style="line-height: 115%;">https://youtu.be/XWi7vNv2nos</span></a><span style="line-height: 115%;"> ) </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rFY_jaymjn0/YNVZVEqd1mI/AAAAAAAABkQ/2AjPHJ2FsAQW3zCX9U-WJKow4S4A2A1VQCLcBGAsYHQ/s598/1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="395" data-original-width="598" height="264" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rFY_jaymjn0/YNVZVEqd1mI/AAAAAAAABkQ/2AjPHJ2FsAQW3zCX9U-WJKow4S4A2A1VQCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h264/1.png" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Evidence-based medicine includes
three key components (see Figure): research-based evidence, clinical expertise
(i.e., the clinician’s accumulated experience, knowledge, and clinical skills),
and the patient’s values and preferences. </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Practicing evidence-based medicine
is advocated on the promise of improved quality, improved patient satisfaction,
and reduced costs. </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YGqMTs6B-Mk/YNVZf5kymFI/AAAAAAAABkU/__VGYVzzYfkA0hGmFg49wGXUBiTUiB_mwCLcBGAsYHQ/s598/2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="440" data-original-width="598" height="294" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YGqMTs6B-Mk/YNVZf5kymFI/AAAAAAAABkU/__VGYVzzYfkA0hGmFg49wGXUBiTUiB_mwCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h294/2.png" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /><span style="line-height: 115%;">The EBM Pyramid (see figure) explains
the knowledge types and the reliability of such evidence. Evidence in Level I
is considered the gold standard of medical knowledge. Evidence in Level II
comes from Controlled trials without randomization or Cohort or case-control
analytic studies or multiple time series studies. It is often true that the
best evidence available to clinicians is their own observed aggregate data. Evidence
in Level III is based on expert opinion from experts who have narrowed their
focus as much as possible about a complex area. Evidence in Level IV is based
on personal experience. This is the least desirable source of evidence and
lacks any statistical validity.</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-I-93unLLKWc/YNVZpBHVpUI/AAAAAAAABkc/bVPQ7kdldj8kCl13SVhomnkSN9mHhoHaQCLcBGAsYHQ/s597/3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="437" data-original-width="597" height="293" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-I-93unLLKWc/YNVZpBHVpUI/AAAAAAAABkc/bVPQ7kdldj8kCl13SVhomnkSN9mHhoHaQCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h293/3.png" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br />There is good evidence (e.g., from
RCTs) and there is bad evidence (e.g., from personal experience). Then there’s
evidence that falls in the grey area—neither clearly defined as good nor bad.
It can be difficult for clinicians to know whether to use evidence in the grey
area. To determine the validity of evidence, a team of clinicians with several
years of experience in evidence-appraisal should review the knowledge in
question. The team can then determine if the evidence is valid (i.e., accurate)
and applicable (i.e., useful for the situation or population being considered).</span><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">COVID-19 is a fast moving epidemic
with many uncertain parameters. In view of the lack of prior knowledge and
urgency of the situation to have some understanding, clinicians and researchers
worldwide are reporting rapid results in the form of Level III and Level IV
evidence. There is no evidence at Level II or Level I about any treatment
protocols at this time. These rapidly reported results are continuously
changing as new insights on the SARS-CoV-2 virus and COVID-19 emerge.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">The treatment protocols adopted by
allopathy for treatment of COVID-19 have therefore been non- standardized, non-evidence-based
protocols. They have been based on near real-time data, mostly of level IV and
level III, to make care decisions with the sole objective of improving outcomes
of treatment. Given the urgency for action, transparency, accountability, quality
of care and value of care have expectedly taken a back seat.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Numerous preventative strategies
and non-pharmaceutical interventions have been employed to mitigate the spread
of disease including careful infection control, the isolation of patients, and
social distancing. Management is predominantly focused on the provision of
supportive care, with oxygen therapy representing the major treatment
intervention. Medical therapy involving corticosteroids and antivirals have also
been encouraged as part of critical management schemes. </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">The COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines
have been developed by National Institutes of Health of the Government of the
United States, to provide clinicians with guidance on how to care for patients
with COVID-19. As per the official website these treatment guidelines were last
updated on 27 May 2021. (</span><a href="https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/introduction/"><span style="line-height: 115%;">https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/introduction/</span></a><span style="line-height: 115%;"> accessed
on 06 June 2021). The recommendations in these Guidelines are based on
scientific evidence and expert opinion. Each recommendation includes two
ratings: an uppercase letter (A, B, or C) that indicates the strength of the
recommendation and a Roman numeral with or without a lowercase letter (I, IIa,
IIb, or III) that indicates the quality of the evidence that supports the
recommendation [Rating of Recommendations: A = Strong; B = Moderate; C =
Optional</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Rating of Evidence: I = One or more
randomized trials without major limitations; IIa = other randomized trials or
subgroup analyses of randomized trials; IIb = Nonrandomized trials or
observational cohort studies; III = Expert opinion].</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">As on date, there is only one
recommendation rated ‘AI’ for Managing Outpatients with COVID-19 while the most
reliable of recommendations for Managing Patients in an Ambulatory Care Setting
have not bettered the ‘AIII’ rating. Critical Care recommendations are still at
rating B. Recommendations for managing hospitalised patients with varying
severities of disease are still at ‘BIIa’ rating.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">These guidelines have a clear
disclaimer, “Rated treatment recommendations in these Guidelines should not be
considered mandates. The choice of what to do or not to do for an individual
patient is ultimately decided by the patient and their provider.”</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">The above facts clearly indicate
that there is no evidence-based-practice or evidence-based-protocol for
treatment of COVID-19 in the allopathic system. Based on frugal, confusing,
rapidly changing and often low-quality data, clinicians are using and
recommending their best educated guesses for treating COVID-19. It is true that
an educated guessing is better than no guessing until such time that research
becomes available but there is no evidence to show that an educated guess is
any better than an uneducated guess. </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Surely you are joking Dr. Jayesh
Lele when you say that the treatment-protocols being practiced for treatment of
COVID-19 is evidence-based-medicine. There is no harm however in your and your
fellow members of IMA at least hearing C. Miller when he tells us, “why the
practice of medicine is not science.” (Miller C. “Medicine Is Not Science:
Guessing The Future, Predicting The Past” Journal of Evaluation in Clinical
Practice, 2014, Vol 20, Issue 6, pp. 865-71).</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">**</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">First published 06 June 2021</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">***</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">“Likes” "Follows" "Shares" and "Comments"
are welcome.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">We
hope to see energetic, constructive and thought provoking conversations. To
ensure the quality of the discussion, we may edit the comments for clarity,
length, and relevance. Kindly do not force us to delete your comments by making
them overly promotional, mean-spirited, or off-topic.</span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">*** </span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span>Mukul Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04890862504909789206noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6377137607640322691.post-76452339171741567782021-06-15T08:58:00.000+05:302021-06-15T08:58:24.728+05:30Na Dainyam Na Palayanam न दैन्यं न पलायनम्*<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LMzt0vY_HHw/YMgdPHy34VI/AAAAAAAABjQ/sH6RaEWYznoqEEPMwpjbW14NFOfsrshVgCLcBGAsYHQ/s602/old-1090912_640.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="451" data-original-width="602" height="480" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-LMzt0vY_HHw/YMgdPHy34VI/AAAAAAAABjQ/sH6RaEWYznoqEEPMwpjbW14NFOfsrshVgCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h480/old-1090912_640.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">There is no reason to believe that any Indian
political leader is anti-India. They all mean well and wish well of the
country. They all have illusionary visions and Indian spirituality. </span></span><p></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The phrase ‘Vasudhaiva Kuṭumbakam’ (Sanskrit: </span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">वसुधैव</span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">कुटुम्बकम्</span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">) </span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">consists
of several words: vasudhā (transl. 'the earth'); ēva (transl. 'is thus'); and
kuṭumbakam (transl. 'family').</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span> </span></span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">अयं</span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">निजः</span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">परो</span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">वेति</span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">गणना</span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">लघुचेतसाम्।</span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> ( </span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ayaṃ
nijaḥ paro veti gaṇanā laghucetasām)</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span> </span></span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">उदारचरितानां</span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">तु</span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">वसुधैव</span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">कुटुम्बकम्॥</span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> ( </span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">udāracaritānāṃ
tu vasudhaiva kuṭumbakam )</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The original verse appears in Chapter 6 of
Maha Upanishad VI.71-73. Also found in the Rig Veda , it is considered the most
important moral value in the Indian society. This verse of Maha Upanishad is
engraved in the entrance hall of the parliament of India.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">‘Vasudhaiva Kuṭumbakam’ belonged to the world
where there was only the Vedic Civilisation and is no more valid in the times
of ‘I, me, mine and ours’ ethos. A Hindu may believe that the whole world is
‘one family’ but the rest of the 85 percent of the people of the world may not
think so.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Nehru misread China, Shastri misread Pakistan,
Indira misread Khalistan, Guljari Lal, Morarji, Charan Singh, VP Singh,
Gujaral, Devegowda, and Chandra Shekhar were unable to read anything, Rajiv
misread Sri Lankans, Narsinha Rao misread Italians, Vajpayee misread Pakistan,
ManMohan did not read anything, and Modi has misread China.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">All politicians know and understand that
‘poverty’ is India’s biggest problem. Most of them want to correct it but they
do not have it in them to deal with the problem directly. Indian political
leadership has conclusively proven itself consistently deficient in its
foresight and capability in policymaking and action taking over the last 75
years.<span> </span></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">If India lost the 1962 war with China, due to
lack of appropriate weapons and ammunition in the hands of our soldiers, India
may lose the 2020-21 war against this virus due to lack of appropriate weapons
and ammunition in the hands of our doctors. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A wiser political leader Vajpayee had written:</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><a name="Dainyam2"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></a></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">कर्तव्य</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">के</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">पुनीत</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">पथ</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">को </span></span><span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">हमने</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">स्वेद</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">से</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">सींचा</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">है</span></span><span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,<br />
</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">कभी</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">-</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">कभी</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">अपने</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">अश्रु</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">और</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">— </span></span><span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">प्राणों</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">का</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">अर्ध्य</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">भी</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">दिया</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">है।</span></span><span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <br />
<br />
</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">किंतु</span></span><span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">अपनी</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">ध्येय</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">-</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">यात्रा</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">में</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">— </span></span><span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">हम</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">कभी</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">रुके</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">नहीं</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">हैं।</span></span><span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br />
</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">किसी</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">चुनौती</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">के</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">सम्मुख </span></span><span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">कभी</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">झुके</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">नहीं</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">हैं।</span></span><span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <br />
<br />
</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">आज</span></span><span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,<br />
</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">जब</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">कि</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">राष्ट्र</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">-</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">जीवन</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">की </span></span><span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">समस्त</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">निधियाँ</span></span><span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">दाँव</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">पर</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">लगी</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">हैं</span></span><span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, <br />
</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">और</span></span><span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, <br />
</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">एक</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">घनीभूत</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">अंधेरा</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">—</span></span><span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">हमारे</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">जीवन</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">के </span></span><span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">सारे</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">आलोक</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">को </span></span><span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">निगल</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">लेना</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">चाहता</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">है</span></span><span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">; <br />
<br />
</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">हमें</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">ध्येय</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">के</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">लिए </span></span><span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">जीने</span></span><span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">जूझने</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">और</span></span><span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br />
</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">आवश्यकता</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">पड़ने</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">पर</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">— </span></span><span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">मरने</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">के</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">संकल्प</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">को</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">दोहराना</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">है।</span></span><span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <br />
<br />
</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">आग्नेय</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">परीक्षा</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">की </span></span><span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">इस</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">घड़ी</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">में</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">—</span></span><span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br />
</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">आइए</span></span><span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">अर्जुन</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">की</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">तरह </span></span><span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">उद्घोष</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">करें</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">:</span></span><span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br />
‘‘</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">न</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">दैन्यं</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">न</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">पलायनम्।</span></span><span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">’’</span></span><span></span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">A ‘Murali-Dhar’ does not remain a
‘Murali-Dhar’ but goes on to become a ‘Giri-Dhar’ and a ‘Chakra-Dhar’ as the
situation requires. </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">If ‘Maha Upanishad’ gives us, the value of
‘Vasudhaiva Kuṭumbakam,’ ‘Katha Upanishad’ gives the inspiration to Swami
Vivekananda to give us ‘Arise, awake, and stop not till the goal is reached.
The words "Arise, awake..." can be found in the 1.3.14 chapter of the
‘Katha Upanishad’, where Yama is advising Nachiketa –</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">उत्तिष्ठत</span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">जाग्रत</span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">प्राप्य</span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">वरान्निबोधत</span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, (</span><i><span>Uttisthata Jagrata Prapya Varannibodhata)</span></i><i><span lang="SA" style="line-height: 105%;"><br />
</span></i><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">क्षुरासन्न</span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">धारा</span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">निशिता</span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">दुरत्यद्दुर्गम</span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">पथ</span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">: </span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">तत्</span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">कवयो</span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">वदन्ति</span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> | (</span><i><span>Kshurasanna Dhara Nishita Durataya durgama Pathah
tat kavayo Vadanti)</span></i><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Arise! Awake! Approach the great and learn.<br />
Like the sharp edge of a razor is that path,<br />
so the wise say—hard to tread and difficult to cross. </span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0pt; line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">* </span><i><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">न</span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">दैन्यं</span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">न</span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="HI" style="line-height: 105%;">पलायनम्
</span><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">was the motto of my school that I wore on the badge of my barrette
cap.</span></i></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="line-height: 105%;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">*</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">First published 27 April 2021</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">*</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="line-height: 105%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“Likes”
"Follows" "Shares" and "Comments" are welcome.</span></span></span></p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">
</span></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">We hope to see
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of the discussion, we may edit the comments for clarity, length, and relevance.
Kindly do not force us to delete your comments by making them overly
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Mukul Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04890862504909789206noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6377137607640322691.post-69894381813420327822021-06-09T09:12:00.002+05:302021-06-09T09:12:44.194+05:30Non-Academic Staff in Higher Educational Institutions <p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-foNWSgHmBto/YMA347W-lyI/AAAAAAAABho/Tg-yqcYCuFE3lx2Wy9dshEqc-EBOeI1RwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1280/people-3365274_1280.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="853" data-original-width="1280" height="426" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-foNWSgHmBto/YMA347W-lyI/AAAAAAAABho/Tg-yqcYCuFE3lx2Wy9dshEqc-EBOeI1RwCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h426/people-3365274_1280.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Non-Academic staff members are
professional employees who contribute very significantly to the success of
Higher Educational Institutions. They bring to the Higher Educational
Institutions an important repertoire of professional skills, possess a wealth of
institutional knowledge, provide essential resources, and work alongside of
faculty and Administration in realizing the Institution’s mission. Many have
served through several administrations and numerous leadership changes at the
departmental level. This long-term experience gives them invaluable expertise
and lends consistency to the daily operations of the institution. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The contribution of non-academic staff
highly influences the student experience at Higher Educational Institutions.
While faculty supports students academically and in research, the staff makes
equally important contributions toward the success of students through many
critical support and operational services. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">There is evidence to show that the
number of non-academic administrative and professional employees at established
Higher Educational Institutions in India has more than doubled in the last 25
years, vastly outpacing the growth in the number of students or faculty. The
disproportionate increase in the number of staffers who neither teach nor
conduct research has continued unabated in years that are more recent.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Those commenting on higher education
often ask whether the proportion of administrative and support staff is higher
than it should be, with the unspoken assumption that a percentage less than
hundred is ideal. This is a good starting point; since without administrative
and other support functions Higher Educational Institutions are always at some
risk that they cannot adequately provide student services and high value research.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">There is just an overwhelming amount
of money per student that is being spent on administration. This raises a
question of priorities.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Institutions have added these
administrators and professional employees even as they have substantially
shifted classroom-teaching duties from full-time faculty to less expensive
part-time adjunct faculty and teaching assistants. Institutions have increased
their hiring of part-time faculty to try to cut costs. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Institutions can undertake a critical
examination of their costs to tell exactly how much the rise in administrators
and professional employees has contributed to the increase in the cost of
tuition and fees, which has also almost quadrupled in the last 20-years. This
is a higher price rise than for any other sector of the economy in that period,
including healthcare. The unrelenting addition of administrators and
professional staff has driven this steep increase.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The continued hiring of non-academic
employees belies the very idea that institutions are doing everything they can
to improve efficiency and hold down costs. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">While the rest of the economy has been
shrinking overhead, higher education has been investing heavily in more
overhead. Staffing per student is a valid way to judge efficiency improvements
or declines. The ratio of non-academic employees to faculty has also doubled.
There are now two non-academic employees at public and two and a half at
private institutions and colleges for every one full-time, tenure-track member
of the faculty. In no other industry would overhead costs be allowed to grow at
this rate; executives would lose their jobs. The doubling of administrative and
professional staff does not seem to have improved the performance of Higher
Educational Institutions.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In any long-term plan for Higher
Educational Institutions, among other goals, the institution should learn to
value non-academic staff as crucial for the central missions of the
institution. This requires that the non-academic staff be supported as a crucial
human resource for the institution. Careful attention needs to be paid to the
creation and maintenance of a healthy workplace. Career development should be
fostered through advancement opportunities. Internal mobility should be
actively encouraged. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Valuing non-academic staff also
requires the rational, transparent distribution of staff across units, and a
careful consideration of their duties. Regular review of staff roles and
responsibilities should be implemented. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As the institution advances, it must
take care to maintain necessary staff levels and skill requirements. An
institution should however never lose sight of the primacy of its purpose,
functions of teaching and research, and not let the flab of Non-Academic Staff
grow. The institution cannot be unmindful of the non-academic responsibilities,
which it entrusts upon the academic-staff.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The financial stress on the
institutions of higher education caused by COVID-19 pandemic has led to focus
on productivity and cost-cutting, which in certain cases has led to denial of
tenures to faculty and non-renewal of teaching contracts. At a so-called
premier b-school in Gurgaon, the annual workloads for the teaching faculty have
been increased by over thirty percent without any increase in their
compensation. Of course, academics are the front line staff who provide the
teaching and research functions that represent the institution’s core business.
Unfortunately, there seems to have been no talk of pruning the non-academic
staff by any percentage. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It is astounding to hear a very senior
professor from the institution saying that non-academic administrators were a
cancer in their academic system. It is more alarming to notice that many others
are greeting such a statement with mutters of approval. It seems probable that
eventually, there would be an open or covert warfare between academics and non-academics
at this institution where legacy systems have sustained the covert bossing by
the non-academics over the academics.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">*</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">First published 07 April 2021</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">*</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">We
hope to see energetic, constructive and thought provoking conversations. To
ensure the quality of the discussion, we may edit the comments for clarity,
length, and relevance. Kindly do not force us to delete your comments by making
them overly promotional, mean-spirited, or off-topic.</span><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></p>
Mukul Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04890862504909789206noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6377137607640322691.post-27696446644634704892021-06-02T09:10:00.001+05:302021-06-02T09:10:53.064+05:30BABU-isation of India<p> <br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
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</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-znf3_UK-iZA/YLb9cLCb98I/AAAAAAAABhg/XRkQnh87Jy8cb0lT8ioeS1gRYD5lsliCQCLcBGAsYHQ/s670/17pm-modi-ias.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="439" data-original-width="670" height="420" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-znf3_UK-iZA/YLb9cLCb98I/AAAAAAAABhg/XRkQnh87Jy8cb0lT8ioeS1gRYD5lsliCQCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h420/17pm-modi-ias.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">My learning and experience makes me
believe that the officers from the Indian Administrative Services do not have
the wisdom it takes to make India succeed. IAS personnel are good at rationalising
and articulating any and every point-of-view or governmental action, but they do
not know how things work which would make India great.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">I have nothing against bureaucratic
administrative machinery. However, induction into the IAS itself does not
automatically give the wisdom to be an effective leader. Their training and
experience makes IAS very familiar with "<i>how things work and have worked
in the government.</i>” They however have no idea about "<i>how things ought to
work instead of how they have worked in the government</i>" to unshackle
Indian potential.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>IAS often parachute
into formulating a policy and implementing it without knowing "<i>how to
change the work ethics and work-culture.</i>" By training and grooming, most
IAS lack innovation skills and risk-appetite. People in the top echelons of
Indian government are predominantly IAS, who do not spend enough time on process-improvement
and fail to give citizens what they really want and deserve. They spend more
time on attending and chairing meetings or protecting the steel frame of
bureaucratic processes; but much less time in connecting with the citizens,
whom they govern. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">Right from the selection and
training to job-rotation, IAS are well trained into all sorts of things necessary
to preserve and protect the structure and the system. In 16-years since their
induction into the IAS, when they are empanelled for being Joint-secretaries in
the Government, most of them have been through eight different experiences of
about 2-years each. Such experiences do not provide any domain experience
except training them in ways to protect and preserve the systemic and
structural frameworks of varying designs. Their superb training is no
substitute for knowledge, acumen and wisdom, which is so essential for paving
and leading on strategic paths for change.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">The IAS has long had its critics. Most
politicians have criticised IAS in the past but when in government, they have
found IAS to be their biggest support systems. Governing for nation building
requires competencies in envisioning, planning, executing and controlling. IAS
are competent in executing and controlling within the boundaries of the
existing frameworks and thus make up the essential half of governance. When it
comes to envisioning and planning, the competencies are about disrupting the
status-quo and the IAS are uncomfortable there. While accelerating the growth
is not possible without envisioning and planning that is different from the
past, IAS can provide the necessary counterweight to the politicians forcing
dangerously radical policies upon us. If the counterweight were to exceed the
extent of departure from the benign paths followed in the past, there will be
no new growth trajectories. Those would be circumstances of growth in spite of
governance and despite of governance, as if there were no governance. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">PM Modi, recently, while speaking
in the Parliament, had remarked, “<i>Sab kuch BABU hi karenege. IAS ban gaye
matlab woh fertilizer ka kaarkhana bhi chalayega. Yeh kaun si badi takat bana
kar rakh di humne? BABUon ke haath mein desh de karke hum kya karne waale
hain?</i>”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">Was PM Modi insulting the IAS? I do
not think so.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I think he was sharing his
impression and experience. Modi is very balanced in his outpourings even when
he is angry. PM Modi has worked with the IAS for 20-years now and surely he has
seen and worked with not just a few but many of them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was no outburst in the Parliament and his
use of the expression ‘BABU’ for the IAS was not to belittle the IAS but to
present them on a more real plank rather than ‘on-a-pedestal’ projection, which
the IAS have been making of themselves. Some in the IAS will surely be feeling
hurt thinking that ‘BABU’ is a derogatory expression. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">Let us keep the emotions aside and
examine the statement is terms of reality. Bureaucratic structures are like a
nest in which the future progeny is protected and nurtured. IAS are only the
twigs. The twigs that make up the nest have to hold together so that the nest
holds and protects the eggs and the young ones from vagaries of nature. The
twigs themselves cannot decide the design of the nest or the place of perching
the nest or fight the predators. IAS are like twigs of nest to home and nurture
progeny of nation called India. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>BABU has
been a historical nomenclature for jobs of custodians of organisational memory
and customs.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">Wisdom is not restricted to IAS. In
fact, politicians, especially those in power, are wiser and more experienced than
the IAS, in guiding the course of national growth while keeping a finger on the
pulse of the citizens. PM Modi has been selective in his use of IAS for “<i>doing
the job</i>” necessary for implementing his strategy for India. He has had
unsupportive experts who were in “<i>positions of doing</i>” due to political
patronage and such experts were unable to overcome their sense of subservience
to their political benefactors. When he found that the expert with
international credibility and from across the Atlantic as RBI governor was
unable to deliver, he replaced him with a homeland expert. Seeing this expert
also faltering, he brought in an IAS BABU as RBI Governor, not so much for
strategic direction but for protecting the steel frame. Similar things happened
when he had to replace an expert, experienced in the insurance sector by an IAS
BABU as Chairman, Insurance Regulatory Development Authority (IRDA). Former IAS
succeed in such roles because others from their fraternity in the government
would not let them fail. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">IAS are better than most non-IAS in
“<i>doing the job</i>” but exceptions apart, most IAS are not competent at “<i>designing
the job.</i>” Reciprocal exceptions exist among non-IAS. Like any generalisation,
exceptions exist to this one too.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">When PM Modi says, “<i>Country has
been handed over to BABUs</i>” he is saying that the BABUs are in jobs where they
need not be and that people should fit the boots rather than “<i>any IAS would do
in any boot</i>” approach.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">IAS (rather ICS) used to be
something that really helped the British crown stand out. The British had no
illusions of building India. Now that elite clique is more like a small crowd utterly
for self-preservation by maintaining the legacy systems and structures. When it
comes to success in any vision for nation building, an IAS is optional. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">We do not see a lot of IAS as Governmental
Leaders. <i><b>The IAS tend to be hired for the Governmental Leaders and by the Governmental
Leaders.</b></i> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">*</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">First published 16 March 2021</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">*</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">“Likes” "Follows" "Shares" and
"Comments" are welcome.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">We
hope to see energetic, constructive and thought provoking conversations. To
ensure the quality of the discussion, we may edit the comments for clarity,
length, and relevance. Kindly do not force us to delete your comments by making
them overly promotional, mean-spirited, or off-topic.</span></p>
Mukul Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04890862504909789206noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6377137607640322691.post-57310896246427516922021-05-26T09:29:00.000+05:302021-05-26T09:29:17.076+05:30Some Unsought Advice for the Prime Minister Shri Modi !!<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JRMLflm8j6g/YK3GsRKhMNI/AAAAAAAABhE/jNe6-Y-sk6g2AytLFpUEbk-4Rpo0O6JvACLcBGAsYHQ/s1108/blogger.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="541" data-original-width="1108" height="312" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JRMLflm8j6g/YK3GsRKhMNI/AAAAAAAABhE/jNe6-Y-sk6g2AytLFpUEbk-4Rpo0O6JvACLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h312/blogger.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The situation where you are running
from pillar to post to find a hospital bed or an oxygen cylinder for your loved
one, and there is nowhere to go, you feel frustrated, helpless and angry. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you are the lucky one to find some place,
the ban on visitors makes you more edgy because you could not be with your
loved one to offer comfort and support when he/she needed it most. The thought
of not being able to see or comfort a loved one who is living with an advanced
illness is heart breaking. </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Time seems to freeze when you learn
that someone you love has slipped from medical care to critical care in a
COVID-19 facility. Maybe you instinctively pushed the news away, or perhaps you
cried, or swung into action. You and your loved one may have pursued promising
treatments and perhaps enjoyed some respite from the illness over the last few
days.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The loss of a loved one is life's
most stressful event and can cause a major emotional crisis. All kinds of
emotions, denial, disbelief, confusion, shock, sadness, yearning, anger, humiliation,
despair, guilt, can flood people’s minds.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">SUCCESS, WHICH THE GOVERNMENT IS
TRUMPETING</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The data given out by Ministry of
Health and Family Welfare website </span><a href="https://www.mohfw.gov.in/"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">https://www.mohfw.gov.in/</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">COVID-19 CASES IN INDIA as on: 15
May 2021, 08:00 IST (GMT+5:30)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Active – 3673802<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Discharged – 20432898<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Deaths - 266207<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Until date (15 May 2021), 24372907
people have been identified to be infected, of which 15.07% (3673802) are
Active cases right now, 83.83% (20432898) have successfully survived the
infection but unfortunately, the balance 1.09% (266207) could not survive and
have died.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Yes, your government is right that
Indian has done exceedingly well, on an aggregate basis, in management of the
COVID-19 crisis as compared to any of the countries in the world. Nevertheless,
the fact remains that the mismanagement of second wave of COVID is hidden
behind the exemplary management of the COVID. Your government was successful in
flattening the curve of cases and deaths of the first wave over a period of
11-months, something which the Western world could not do. The same cannot
however be said for the second wave. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">FAILURE, WHICH OVERWHELMED INDIA </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">You do not have to go to any other
source of data to see this. Failure, which overwhelmed India, is buried, not
too deep, in these very numbers. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Please have a relook at the data
given out by Ministry of Health and Family Welfare website </span><a href="https://www.mohfw.gov.in/"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">https://www.mohfw.gov.in/</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">COVID-19 CASES IN INDIA as on: 15
May 2021, 08:00 IST (GMT+5:30)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Active – 3673802<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Discharged – 20432898<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Deaths - 266207<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">COVID-19 CASES IN INDIA as on: 15 April
2021, 08:00 IST (GMT+5:30)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Active – 1471877<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Discharged – 12429564<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Deaths - 173123<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Of the 24372907 people identified
as infected so far (over the last 15 and one half month – the first case was
reported on 30.01.2020), 10499082 (43.08%) cases came during the last one month.
Out of 266207 deaths recorded so far, 94122 (35.36%) deaths occurred during the
last one month.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">This
is not a joke or a mere spike. It is a deluge.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Of all the cases –
43% came in last one month;</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Of all the people
dying – 35% died in last one month.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">COVID-19
began </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">𝗁𝗂𝗍𝗍𝗂𝗇𝗀</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">𝗐𝖺𝗒</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">𝗍𝗈𝗈</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">𝖼𝗅𝗈𝗌𝖾</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">𝗍𝗈</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">𝖾𝗏𝖾𝗋𝗒𝗈𝗇𝖾</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">'</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">𝗌</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">𝗁𝗈𝗆𝖾</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. What were merely numbers for people during the first wave,
started turning into names and those names </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">𝗂𝗇𝗍𝗈</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> real </span><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math",serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">𝗉𝖾𝗈𝗉𝗅𝖾</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> whom people know?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">WHAT
WENT WRONG</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">With micro-situations continuously
evolving and rapidly changing, managing Pandemics at the ground level is a very
complex phenomenon involving case-by-case tactical and urgent decisions that
need ‘thinking fast’. However, the policy level, at which the office of the
Prime Minister sits, the foresight and strategy based thereon, is an important
decision that allows wider consultations, reviews and ‘thinking slow.’</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">At the strategy level, dealing with
pandemics involve only two sub-strategies, ensuring that the pandemic does not
spread (Restriction strategy) and ensuring that those infected are able to
recover from the disease (Treatment strategy).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Restriction is about reducing the
number of cases, which is accomplished through controlling the spread of
infection (Appropriate Behaviour and immunisation through vaccines). Where the disease
is contagious, isolation and quarantine of the prospect (contact tracing) and
the suspect case (symptomatic cases) is as important as that of the confirmed
case. In case like COVID, where not every infected person shows the symptoms of
being infected (asymptomatic cases) the inter-people-contact has to be clamped
down. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Treatment is about reducing the
mortality rate among the cases through proper and timely diagnosis and
treatment.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">YOU HAVE RIGHTFULLY TAKEN CREDIT
FOR MANAGING THE FIRST WAVE </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">You had the foresight and the
promptness in March-April 2020, in using the Restriction strategy, when the first
wave of the pandemic broke out, which resulted into definitive reduction in
spread of infection and reduction in the mortality rates. Numbers speak for
themselves. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">However, the second wave, which
started knocking at our doors towards the end of February 2021 and is peaking now,
has left much to be desired at your level. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">SHOW THE GRIT IN ACCEPTING THE
DISCREDIT FOR MISMANAGING THE SECOND WAVE </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">COVID-19 patients tend to be sick
for a long time, spending weeks in the intensive care unit in some cases. Patients
improve up to a point, and then it can be several weeks before one would see
them continue to improve. Families need to prepare for that, as well as peaks
and valleys seen so often in the sickest patients. Hospital restrictions that
prohibit visiting COVID-19 patients have been major stressors for families, as
well as those in the hospital. In the unfortunate events of patients losing the
fight against COVID-19, not every one of their families and friends have the
emotional strength of suffering the pain sagaciously or silently. Patients,
their families, and other caregivers have little patience or tolerance, and
their short fuses can explode on the very people trying to care for them.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Doctors and nurses are withstanding
the worst of a much angrier, more frustrated, and weary bunch. Medics falter
when they witness rudeness and other bad behaviour. It interferes with their working
memory and decreases their performance. Frustrated patients are making health
care workers’ jobs even harder. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">No medical-care infrastructure, in
terms of both physical dimensions and human dimensions, can have the capacity
to deal with such deluge.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No society can
cope with such agony and death. Yes, Treatment Strategy has limitations in
dealing with such tsunami of cases.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">However, you have faltered in
making use of the Restriction Strategy once the coming of the second wave was
clearly visible towards the end of February 2021. This failure has resulted into
the ‘unforeseen’ deluge of cases and deaths. In ability to see these coming, is
itself a failure of leadership and his advisors.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Overtly or covertly, this failure
is being attributed not to any lack of your foresight regarding COVID, but to
your political ambitions in West Bengal and other states. I am not a political
strategist, but the results tell us a story. </span></p><p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">FAILURE IN STATE ELECTIONS 2021</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Ever since you brought in the US
Presidential style of electioneering to Indian politics in 2014, people vote
for the leader as much as they vote for a party. Your inability to win
Rajasthan, Punjab, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh had shown an association in
your inability to project an unambiguous leader who could campaign in the same
style in the state as yours in the national elections.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">When you or any of your central
leaders campaign in a state election, the electorate asks themselves – are you
or any of those central leaders going to be their Chief Minister? Even when
they wish to vote for your party, they do not know who is going to rule them.
As they say, a known foe is better than an unknown friend is, the electorate
ends up making choices, which may look poor from a larger perspective, but they
are the best picks that the electorate could make from within the choices
available to them. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Let us not forget that a day after
the first round of polling took place on 20 May 1991, former Prime Minister
Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated while campaigning. The remaining election days
were postponed until mid-June and voting finally took place on 12 and 15 June.
When the surge in COVID cases was so visible by the end of March for everyone
to see, not postponing the elections was neither good strategy nor good
politics. The votes polled in your favour in successive rounds of polling have
shown a negative association with the rising COVID-cases in the country. Who
knows, if the state elections were postponed for a better time, their results
for you could have been better.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">WHAT NEXT</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Dear Prime Minister! As a leader,
please accept the fact that you won the battle against the first wave but lost
the battle against the second wave. You do not win all the battles. It is
important that you win the war – war against COVID-19.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">You won people’s mandate because
they trusted you. You used your high visibility and high credibility in winning
over their emotions. Trust is after all an emotion.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">All Indians are one but they are
not the same. Similar people are grouped into states. That we have 29 states
shows similarity of people within the states but dissimilarity of people across
the states. Indians are not like Americans, who have little diversity in
language, culture or religion. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The unified central-command
structure of decision making which you could use so successfully in running the
Government in Gujarat may not be an optimal design for running the Union
Government. Please remember that the entire bureaucracy that you handled in
Gujarat was a unified Gujarat cadre but when you handle the union Government,
your bureaucracy is not one cadre. The rules of engaging with the opposition
leaders and bureaucracy within Gujarat are not suited to engaging with the
opposition leaders and bureaucracy in the matters of the Union.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">They still trust you but the untold
agony and death, which they have seen over the last one month, has broken them
emotionally. Fear & grief of COVID-19 is overwhelming ordinary people and
your political rivals and bruised media (you have taken away many of their free
bees) are adding fuel to this fire. Emotions are contagious. Our brains are
wired to mirror the body language and emotion of others. In an era of social
media, opinions occlude information and truth becomes matter of opinion.
Absolute truth makes way for pre-truths, half-truths, developing truths,
post-truths, my truths, your truths and no-one-knows whose-truth.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">There is no denying that you are
suffering from a loss in your credibility. Your high visibility and waning
credibility is untenable in public space. You cannot be complacent or
disheartened. You need to make a serious course-correction. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">You have to rise as a leader and
restore the confidence of people in their ability to overcome and succeed under
your leadership. Please work towards decreasing the COVID-19 test-positivity rate
& case fatality rate and increasing the EMOTIONAL POSITIVITY among the
people of India. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">To everyone locked inside their
homes, in fear or anxiety, and to everyone locked out from the joys of life as
usual, please put a confidence in them that the sun will come again. Remind
them of the vibration that passed all over their lives, make them remember
everything that they shared with their loved ones, thank the Gods who helped them
face the untold grief over the last one month.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">You have to rise from the ashes of
the second wave. YOU HAVE TO WIN ALL THE FORTHCOMING BATTLES AGAINST THE THIRD
AND THE FOURTH WAVE. YOU HAVE TO WIN THE WAR.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">**</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">First Published 17 May 2021</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">**</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“Likes” "Follows" "Shares" and "Comments"
are welcome.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">We
hope to see energetic, constructive and thought provoking conversations. To
ensure the quality of the discussion, we may edit the comments for clarity,
length, and relevance. Kindly do not force us to delete your comments by making
them overly promotional, mean-spirited, or off-topic.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">**</span></p>
Mukul Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04890862504909789206noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6377137607640322691.post-31095012778189264892021-05-19T09:52:00.000+05:302021-05-19T09:52:28.614+05:30We Are Not Letting the Pandemic Weaken<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-O2ta8vqYQnU/YKSP0htxq4I/AAAAAAAABgo/SXHoB8QrkeARkM5D-V887nn5lt8xaue3QCLcBGAsYHQ/s674/3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="598" data-original-width="674" height="568" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-O2ta8vqYQnU/YKSP0htxq4I/AAAAAAAABgo/SXHoB8QrkeARkM5D-V887nn5lt8xaue3QCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h568/3.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
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<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">The actual number of people getting
sick with the coronavirus is increasing. We know this because in addition to
positive COVID-19 tests, the number of symptomatic people, hospitalizations and
later, deaths, are following the same pattern. Thankfully, Doctors, clinics and
hospitals have learnt to reduce the fatality rate amongst the COVID-19 patients
but this is no reason for people to throw caution to the winds.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">Human behaviour is the major
factor. State and local administrations, as well as individual people, differ
in their response to the pandemic. Some follow COVID-19 precautions, such as
physical distancing, hand washing and mask wearing. Others are not as
prescriptive in requiring these measures or in restricting certain high-risk
activities.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">In some states and communities,
public places are closed or practicing limitations (such as how many people are
allowed inside at one time); others are operating normally. Some government and
community leaders have encouraged or even mandated mask wearing and physical
distancing in public areas. Others have left it as a matter of personal choice.
In areas where fewer people are wearing masks and more are gathering indoors to
eat, drink, observe religious practices, celebrate and socialize, even with
family, cases are on the rise.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">As state governments began to
reopen cinemas, bars, restaurants and stores during the last few months, people
were understandably eager to be able to go out and resume some of their normal
activities. Nevertheless, the number of people infected with the coronavirus
was still high in many areas, and transmission of the virus was easily
rekindled once people increased their activities and contact with each other.
Unfortunately, the combination of reopening and lapses in the infection
prevention efforts - social distancing, hand washing and mask wearing - has
caused the number of coronavirus infections to rise again.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">There is a lag between a change in policy,
and the effects of this change showing up in the COVID-19 data. An increase in
the number of COVID-19 cases or hospitalizations is seen as many as six to
eight weeks after change in policy. When a person is exposed to the coronavirus,
it can take up to two weeks before they become sick enough to go to the doctor,
get tested and have their case counted in the data. It takes even more time for
additional people to become ill after being exposed to that person, and so on. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">Several cycles of infection must
occur before a noticeable increase shows in the data that public health
officials use to track the pandemic. Due to such delays, people become careless
with their behaviour, and they start moving around more. If everyone continues
to wear masks, wash their hands and practice social distancing, reopening will
have a much lower impact on transmission of the virus than in communities where
people do not continue these safety precautions on a widespread basis. Also,
after many months of cancelled activities, economic challenges and stress,
people are frustrated and tired of taking coronavirus precautions. All these
are factors that are driving surges and spikes in COVID-19 cases.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">About 70% of the population needs
to be immune to this coronavirus before herd immunity can work. People might be
immune from the coronavirus, at least for a while, if they have already had it,
but we do not know for how long such immunity lasts. A widely available, safe
and effective vaccine is still going to take months for everyone to get it.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">There is an alarming spike in the
number of cases and more COVID-19 surges are likely to occur. Letting the
coronavirus circulate freely among the public would result in hundreds of
thousands of cases and millions more people left with lasting lung, heart, and
brain or kidney damage. We must all continue to practice COVID-19 precautions,
such as physical distancing, hand washing and mask wearing. We must work with our
government to ensure that everyone in our household is up to date on vaccines
as soon as they are made available.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">Let no one harbour the false
attitude of denial that COVID-19 does not happen to them or that they are not
the spreaders of the infection once they have survived COVID-19 or have been
vaccinated for it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">Severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused the COVID-19 disease but people are
the cause of the pandemic.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">*</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">First published 12 April 21</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">*</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">“Likes” "Follows" "Shares" and
"Comments" are welcome.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">We
hope to see energetic, constructive and thought provoking conversations. To
ensure the quality of the discussion, we may edit the comments for clarity,
length, and relevance. Kindly do not force us to delete your comments by making
them overly promotional, mean-spirited, or off-topic.</span><b><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></b></p>
Mukul Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04890862504909789206noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6377137607640322691.post-25029215516847426262021-05-04T12:45:00.000+05:302021-05-04T12:45:10.334+05:30Demystifying Politics in Democracy<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3qzpQHQf0A4/YJDz-xc6anI/AAAAAAAABfM/wfy3RMboDj0yD3a3FxgCghWzO2EzErl2gCLcBGAsYHQ/s1211/collage.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="811" data-original-width="1211" height="428" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3qzpQHQf0A4/YJDz-xc6anI/AAAAAAAABfM/wfy3RMboDj0yD3a3FxgCghWzO2EzErl2gCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h428/collage.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Democracies are governance by the
people, presumably for the people. They are also supposedly ‘of the people’
because to govern themselves, people elect some individuals out of themselves
to represent them in government.</span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">People elect representatives based
upon their personal opinions and motivations, both of which are subjective. Voting
someone to office is an emotional response of people.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">While people carry on with their
lives working as wagers or professionals or businesspersons, some choose to
take up politics as their livelihood and put themselves up for being elected to
office by the people.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most democracies
are federal structures, meaning thereby that there exist multiple tiers of
governments. An individual citizen thus has a Member of Parliament, a Member of
Legislative Assembly, and a member of Municipality or a Gram Panchayat to
represent him at these tiers of Government. Then, people also elect
representatives to self-help groups like worker-unions, student unions,
charities, social groups, clubs, welfare groups, cooperative societies,
religious bodies, and so on. Politicians have the choices of being elected to
any of these tiers in the government as well as to these self-help groups.
People get the opportunities to elect their representatives every five years or
sooner.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Since the governance is itself a
collective of the majority of the elected individuals, politicians are
categorised into affiliate groups - chosen to govern or rejected to govern –
for the time being. Depending upon the pro-incumbency voting or anti-incumbency
voting by people, in the next round of elections, the politicians are able to
keep or reverse the nature of their affiliate category.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Accordingly, the predominant policy
of the politician from the group ‘chosen to govern’ is to garner pro-incumbent
public opinion and inoculate the minds of people to protect them from any
counter attacks of the politician from the group ‘rejected to govern.’ They
trumpet their achievements and promises through events and seek amplification
of their narrative through the media and press.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The predominant policy of the politician
from the group ‘rejected to govern’ is to garner enough anti-incumbent public
opinion before the next election, which would result into the incumbents being
voted out and the group ‘rejected to govern’ would emerge as the group ‘chosen
to govern’ after those elections.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Building up of anti-incumbent public
opinion is achieved through developing a passive resistance to the policies of
the group ‘chosen to govern’ and this requires continuing demonstration of
active-resistance by the politicians from the group ‘rejected to govern’ to the
policies and actions of the incumbents. Strikes, shutdowns, slowdowns, sit-ins,
sloganeering are some of the tools used in such demonstrations. Resulting
events create content for the media and the group ‘rejected to govern’ seeks
amplification of their events and their narrative through the media.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Both the groups, group ‘rejected to
govern’ and group ‘chosen to govern’ also indulge in comparative narrative
involving disparaging each other and seek the help of media in their
efforts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The fact is that the role, purpose
and importance of newspapers and news broadcasts, as reporters and chroniclers
of facts, which could count as proof, has diminished. Editorials and the opinions
of experts in any media, print or television, which are objective, fail to
catch the attention of people. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">For their entertainment value, acrimonious
debates between the biased and ignorant politicians and purposive shows catch
the eyeballs, but the theatrical capabilities of the performers in such shows
leave false impressions in the minds of the audience. The slant of the anchors towards
a particular narrative works as subliminal messaging in shaping the
impressions. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Media is becoming a peddler of the
narrative of the politician belonging to either the group ‘rejected to govern’
or the group ‘chosen to govern.’ Social media noise and claims do not count as
proof yet they strike the emotions of people and shape public opinion.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Width, depth and sustainability of
favourable public opinion is the measure of success in politics. Maximising the
width, depth and sustainability of favourable public opinion is therefore the
real goal of any politician. Narratives, public discourse, public policy,
bureaucracy, media, political workers, safety, security, justice, growth,
welfare, progress, nationalism, equality, secularism, affirmative action,
patriotism, peace and rule of law are just the means in achieving of these
political goals.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">One can fault a politician for any of
the means that they use, but none can fault them for their unwavering commitment
to their goals.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">*</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">First published 04 May 2021</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">*</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“Likes” "Follows"
"Shares" and "Comments" are welcome.</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">We hope to see energetic, constructive and
thought provoking conversations. To ensure the quality of the discussion, we
may edit the comments for clarity, length, and relevance. Kindly do not force
us to delete your comments by making them overly promotional, mean-spirited, or
off-topic.</span><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></p>
Mukul Guptahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04890862504909789206noreply@blogger.com0